Breast for the Air is not drawn nor the Vapors excluded without the motion of the Breast D. Which are the Instruments for the Pulses C. The Arteries D. Which is the principal Organ of the Natural Functions C. The Liver for it is the Original of the natural Faculty and of all the Veins and the first Instrument of the generation of Blood D. How many sorts of Organs are subservient to the natural Faculty C. Two sorts for some are appropriated for nourishment others appointed for generation D. Which are the assisting Organs of nourishment C. They are of three sorts some for preparation some for purgation and some for distribution of the Nourishment D. Which are for preparation of the Nourishment C. The Mouth and Stomach prepare the Nourishment the one by Mastication the other by Concoction D. Which serve for Purgation C. They are of two sorts for it is the Office of some to purge the Chylus for the Excrements of the Chylus are sent forth from the Belly but the Bladder of the Gall the Spleen the Kidneys and Bladder are the Organs appointed to purge the Bloud for they receive and separate from the Bloud those excrementitious Humors begot in the Chylous matter at the time that it turns to Bloud D. Which serve for the Distribution of the Nourishment C. The Veins D. Thou hast reck'nd up all the Organs serving to Nourishment now give me an accompt of the Organs of Generation C. The Organs of Generation some are common both to Male and Female some proper to each Sex D. which are common to both Sexes C. Testicles and Spermatick Vessels as well preparing as conveighing the Seed D. Which Proper C. The Yard to the Male the Womb to the Female Of the Humors D. Having thus reck'nd up the parts containing now for the parts contain'd Which then are the Parts contain'd C. The fluid parts which are supported by the help of others such as are the Humors and Spirits D. How many Humors are contain'd in the Body C. Besides the Primogeneous Humor or that which comes naturally of it self there are two other adventitious that is to say the Alimentary and Excrementitious D. What d' ye mean by the Primogenious Humor C. A certain Oily substance bred in the more solid parts of the Body from their first Original being the Basis and Seat of Spirit and innate Heat and is therefore call'd by the name of Radical Moisture D. Which d' ye call the Alimentary humors C. The Juices of the solid parts appointed for nourishment which derive their original from a commixture of the four Elements D. Which the Excrementitious C. The superfluous moisture in the Body useful to Nature D. How are the Alimentary humors distinguished C. Into Primary and Secondary D. Which are accompted the Primary C. Those which are distributed by the Chylus in the Liver by the Power of its natural inbred heat through the Veins to the several parts of the Body for their Nourishment D. How many Primary Humors are there C. Four Bloud Choler Melancholy and Flegm Which are all mix'd together in the Veins This mixture of the four Humors is call'd the Sanguinary Mass by reason that the Bloud has the greatest share in it D. What is to be understood by the Word Blood C. The Word Blood is sometimes taken in a diffusive Sence for the whole Mass of the Bloud but properly it signifies the more pure and enlivening part of it D. What is the Temperature of the Bloud C. The Bloud generally taken for the whole Mass of Bloud is well temper'd in regard the temperature arises from an equal mixture of the future contrary humors together with a just proportion and decent Harmony of the same but being consider'd in it self as pure and limpid it is hot and moist and somthing of the nature of Air Nor is it differenc'd from the rest of the humors by reason of this peculiar temper only but also by its Consistency Colour Taste and Use D. What is the Consistency of the Bloud what its Colour Taste and Use C. The Bloud is of a consistency so thin that while it is kept within the bounds of Nature it appears neither thicker nor thinner of a red Colour and sweet Taste It nourishes chiefly the musculous parts while it hai the predominancy and makes men fleshy lively handsom good disposition'd and cheerful D. In what Ages is the Bloud most prevalent C. In Children Youth and Young men thus Galen affirms That Boys Young men and Striplings between both enjoy most of the sanguine Humor as in whom the first Principles of Life are yet most vigorous D. When does it most abound in the Body C. The Bloud is most plentiful in the Spring because then the Frosts are dissolv'd and the Waters are let loose according to the Opinion of Hippocrates D. What is Choler C. Alimentary Choler is the more thin part of the Sanguinary Mass partaking of the Nature of Fire in Temperament hot and dry of a pale or yellow Colour bitter in Taste and causes men to be lean tough active rash and hasty nourishing those parts which are most akin to its Nature wherein it differs from the excrementitious D. What is the excrementitious Choler C. That which is sent to the Bladder or Bagg of the Gall to hasten the expulsion of the Excrements and to cleanse the Guts of any slimy matter sticking to them D. In what sort of persons is Choler most predominant C. Yellow Choler abounds most in those who are in the Prime of their Age as Galen avers D. When does it most abound C. Choler abounds most in the Summer as Hippocrates declares as also in a dry season of the Air for that drought renders the hands more Choleric in quality as Galen delivers his judgment D. What is Melancholy C. Alimentary Melancholy is the thicker part of the Sanguinary Mass of the nature of the Earth in temper cold and dry of a black colour sowr in taste and renders men sad thoughtful morose severe and constant it nourishes the most solid and dry parts of the Body as the Bones where it differs from the excrementitious D. Which is the excrementitious Melancholy C. That which is carried to the Milt where it is separated from the more useful Juice that affords it nourishment and so poured out into the Stomach to excite the Appetite and to strengthen the Faculty which retains the meat there during Concoction D. What sort of People are most subject to Melancholy C. Black Melancholy is most exuberant in the declining Age of Men by the Authority of Galen D. When does it most abound in the Body C. Black Melancholy abounds most in the Autumnal Season as Hippocrates relates D. What is Flegm C. Alimentary Flegm is the more liquid part of the sanguinary Mass of the nature of Water in temper cold and moist of a white colour and sweet Taste or rather without any savour It makes men sloathful sleepy dull fat white and
be sound only we observ'd his Pericardium to be full not only of Water but a great quantity of thick Bloud which upon some vehement motion foregoing the Heart being contracted through extream Grief had made its way through the two Lappets and suddenly suffocated the Principle of Life whence follow'd sudden Death Through Fear also the Spirits and Bloud are drawn back to their first Fountain whence it comes to pass that the Parts wax cold the Countenance grows pale the Body quivers Utterance fails and the force and strength of the whole Frame grows weak and faint On the other side in Anger the motion of the Natural Heat is more vehement which at length throws it self forth with violence into the outmost parts From whence the Countenance becomes red and the whole Body being warm becomes more bold and ready to put it self forth into danger In Shame both the inner and outer Parts suffer because the Heat first flies to the inner Parts and then throws it self forth again Seeing then the force of the Perturbations of the Mind is so great it behoves the Physician to correct or expel them by all the Art imaginable THE THIRD DISPUTATION Of Things Preter-Natural In the Knowledge of Pathology employs it self Doctor THus far of things Natural and not Natural it remains behind to treat of things Preternatural What are Preternatural things Cand. Those things which destroy the Natural Constitution of the Body of Man are call'd Affections or such Postures of Evil under which the Body suffers which being by the Greeks call'd Pathe therefore the Learning which handles these Affections is call'd Pathology D. How many Preternatural Affections are there C. Three The Disease the Cause and the Symptom In regard that every Affection of the Body receding from its natural Constitution is either a Disease or the Cause of Disease or a Symptom as Galen testifies l. 1. De Diff. Symp. D. How are they distinguish'd one from another C. That Affection which hinders the Action is call'd a Disease if any thing follow this a Symptom that which occasions it the Cause Of Diseases D. What is a Disease C. A Disease is a Preternatural Affection by which the Action is first harm'd D. I thus dispute against it Every Disease is not a Disposition therefore is ill defin'd by Galen C. I deny the Antecedent D I prove it thus For the most part a Disease is a Habit but Disposition is not a Habit yea it is oppos'd to Habit by Aristotle because Habit is a permanent Quality which cannot easily be remov'd from the Subject but Disposition is a Quality that may be easily remov'd from the Subject C. The Word Disposition that is Affection is understood by Galen not according to that more special signification wherein Disposition that is a preparation to Habit is us'd by Aristotle but according to the more general signification under which he comprehends Disposition and Habit for some Diseases easily come and soon go off others are with difficulty remov'd D. Moreover by this Argument I prove that the Disease does not in the first place injure the Action Faculty differs from Action as the Cause from the Effect but the Disease first injures the Faculty therefore the Action is not first injur'd C. That is false in an Organic Distemper for the Use of the Instrument may be hinder'd without any injury to the Faculty D. However in a similar Disease the Faculty is injur'd before the Action C. I answer A Physician makes his Judgment of all things according to Sense but we do not find the Faculty hurt before we find the Action fail D. Besides I thus prove That every Disease does not injure the Action A Wound is a Disease but the Functions of the wounded Part remain entire because it attracts retains assimilates the Bloud and lastly restores the portion of Flesh cut off There every Disease does not injure the Action C. I Answer these things are performed by the found part which are next to the Wound D. How many general Divisions are there of a Disease C. A Disease is threefold Similar Organic and Common D. What is a Similar Disease C. A Distemper which first injures the Action of the Similar Part. D. Of how many sorts is Distemper C. It is either Simple or Compound A Simple Distemper is either hot cold moist or dry The Compound Distemper is either hot and moist hot and dry cold and moist cold and dry at that either alone or joyn'd with Matter D. What is an Organic Distemper C. A Disproportion of the Structure which first injures the use of the Organ D. Of how many sorts is it C. It is fourfold either in the forming the Magnitude the Number or Situation D. What is the Disease of Form C. The Disease of Form is when the natural Figure of the Frame is deprav'd or when a Passage or Cavity is dilated beyond measure or streightn'd or obstructed where it should not be or when the Part is rough where it should be smooth or smooth where it should be rough D. What is the Disease of Magnitude C. The Disease of Magnitude is when any Part is increa'sd or diminish'd beyond or beneath its due proportion D. What is the Disease of Number C. The Disease of Number is when any Part is wanting or superabounds D. What is the Disease of Situation C. When any Part loosens from its proper place as when the Kall or great Gut falls into the Scrotum D. What is the Common Disease C. The separation of the Continuity which hinders the Functions of both parts D. Of how many sorts is the separation of Continuity C. Fourfold A Wound an Ulcer a Fracture a putting out of Joynt which may be likewise call'd a Disease in Situation D. Why do you here omit a Tumor against Nature C. Because a Tumor preternatural is said to be a compounded Disease of Distemper ill Figure and separation of the Continuity by a Word from the Greek call'd an Aposteme D. How many significations will the Word Aposteme bear C. Two The one General and the other Special for generally the Word Aposteme is taken for any Tumor which is preternatural but specially for an Inflammation brought to Suppuration and many times for a Tumor wherein some certain Matter appears in the Vesicle resembling Honey or Grease or thick Grewel D. Where do these Apostemes breed C. In the extream Parts of the Body D. There 't is true they use to breed but we observ'd not long since a new place which they had found out never heard of before in the Schools of the Physicians The most Illustrious the Marquess of Monte-pezzati a Person of a sharp Wit upon the ceasing of a Dysentery to which he had been subject from his younger years and after a suppression of the Emrods which for eight years together had kept their constant course in the 49th year of his Age 1619. he was taken at Tours with a violent and obstinate pain in the
Head the Consequence of which was a Delirium All the Remedies that the most Famous Physicians of Tours could imagine were apply'd but all to no purpose wherefore he was remov'd to Pressignac at a good distance from the King's Court whither I was call'd together with three other of the most eminent to try our Skill but notwithstanding all the most violent Remedies that could be rationally us'd not being able to vanquish the Distemper at length he dy'd Lethargic His Body being open'd under the formost right-side Ventricle a part of it was apparently corrupted in which there appear'd various and sundry forms of an Aposteme the Vesicles of which were about the bigness of a Pine-Nut This Observation I thought fit to give thee an accompt of by the way Now let us return to the General Discourse of Apostemes Of how many sorts are Tumors preternatural C. Fourfold Phlegmone Erysipelas Oedema and Skirrus D. What is Phlegmone C. It is a Tumor preternatural caus'd by the Bloud starting out of the Veins and dilating the Part with Heat Redness Paint Beating and resisting the Touch. D. What is an Erysipelas C. An Inflammation very hot lying in the Skin and sometimes incroaching upon the Flesh underneath proceeding from a Choleric hot Blood which by reason of its thinness causes no great Swelling but disperses it self in length and breadth every way D. What is an Oedema C. A cold loose white Tumor void of pain leaving the print of the finger that touches it proceeding from a Phlegmatic Humor D. What is a Skirrhus C. A hard resisting Tumor void of pain with little or no sence of feeling proceeding from a Melancholy Humor D. What is a Wound C. It is a new separation of the Contiguity in soft parts by some Cut Bite or other external Accident D. What is an Vlcer C. The separation of the Continuity in soft parts made by Corrosion D. What is a Fracture C. It is the Union of the Bone separated occasioned by some external Accident bruising or breaking the same D. What is Luxation C. It is the falling or slipping of a Joynt out of its proper place into another to the impeding the voluntary Motion Of Morbific Causes D. What is here meant by the word Cause C. An Affection against Nature which causes the Disease the knowledge of which is call'd Aetiology D. The Cause of a Disease is generally substantial as some Humor or Wind or something else preternatural as a Stone but Affection is a Quality therefore Affection is not properly the cause of a Disease C. The Word Affection is otherwise us'd by Galen and Aristotle that is for every thing that is able to destroy the natural Temper and Structure of the Body and injure its Actions whether it be Substance or Quality D. Of how many sorts are Morbisic Causes C. Twofold Internal and External D. Which is the Internal Cause C. That which resides within the Body D. Of how many sorts is this C. Twofold the preceding and containing D. Which is the Antecedent Cause C. That which nourishes the Disease D. Of how many kinds C. Two Plethoric and Cacochymic D. What is the Plethora C. A Redundancy of all the Humors equally augmented or else a redundancy of the Blood alone D. How many kinds are there of Plethora C. Two the one in respect of the Strength the other in respect of the Vessels D. What is a Plethora in respect of the Strength C. When the Blood neither in quantity nor quality exceeding due measure yet oppresses the Strength debilitated by some other Cause D. What is a Plethora as to the Vessels C. When the Humor exceeds its due measure which is either light when it only fills the Cavity of the Veins and only exceeds proportion by a little or distensive when it distends and almost rends the Tunicles of the Veins D. How does the Plethora in respect of the Vessels and that other in respect of the Strength differ C. When during the Plethora the Body waxes heavy yet the Strength of all parts remains equal only there is a fulness of the Vessels But if the Body and the Arteries wax heavy and the motion grows slow if a drowsie disturb'd and unquiet Sleep follow and the Patient complain of being oppress'd by some weight or that he carries some burden or dream he cannot be remov'd out of his place then it is an over-fulness oppressing the Strength D. What are the Signs of a Plethory C. The Antecedent are the Causes breeding plenty of Blood such as are the just temper of the Body Age the Spring-Season a temperate Clime good Diet and the accustomed evacuation of Blood suppressed But the consequent Causes are Accidents which demonstrate an over-fulness and predominancy of the Blood as a red colour in the Face swelling of the Veins dilatation of the Vessels a spontaneous stretching Lassitude a bigger Bulk of Body a fleshy habit of Body a merry and jocund disposition stupidity drowsiness a strong Pulse and thick difficulty of breathing and an aptness to bleed c. D. What is Cacochymy C. Cacochymy is the redundancy of yellow or black Choler or Flegm whence it is said to be threefold Choleric Melancholic and Flegmatic D. By what Signs is a Choleric Cacochymy known C. First from the Causes demonstrating exuberancy of Choler as a hot and dry Constitution a constant and florid Age Summer a dry Season a hot and dry Clime a hot and dry Diet and then by the signs of yellow Choler abounding in the Body as a pale Face yellow or blackish a dry Habit of Body lean slender hairy acute Senses swift and expedite a sharp and diligent Wit little Sleep and unquiet much Waking Dreams of War a swift and frequent Pulse want of Stomach an unquenchable Thirst his Vomits and Stools full of Choler Urine yellow or somewhat inclining to Flame colour with little sediment c. D. By what signs is a Melancholy Cacochymy understood C. First from the Causes shewing the Exuberancy of Melancholy a natural Temper cold and dry weakness of the Spleen inclining Age Autumn-Season strong Diet a melancholy way of living Then from the several signs of prevailing Melancholy a Leaden colour in the Countenance a dry habit of Body and lean a fix'd Aspect grim and sowr full of fear and sadness turbulent Sleep little and slow Pulse c. D. By what Signs is a Flegmatic Cacochymy distinguish'd C. First from the Causes that increase Flegm a Temper cold and moist old Age Winter-Season a moist constitution of the Air unseasonable Eating a sedentary Life and long Sleep Then from the Signs demonstrating redundancy of Flegm a white livid complexion swell'd cheeks a large sat body small veins white hair slow in his Actions thick skull'd a profound sleeper dreaming much of Water and drowning a slow soft Pulse c. D. What is the containing Cause C. That which most nearly breeds the Disease by some call'd the conjoyn'd cause D. Well then I will
reality For the Elements are only to be divided by Reason and not by actual Operation D. What Difference is there between Principles and Elements C. The Difference is twofold First The Elements proceed out of others before them and out of one another But Principles proceed neither from others nor from themselves but out of themselves produce all Natural things Secondly The Elements are of the same Genus with those things of which they are Elements But Principles cannot be of the same Genus with those things of which they are Principles Wherefore in regard that Elements are Bodies it is apparent that those things of which they are Elements are Bodies but the Principles of Bodies are Incorporeal D. How many Elements are there C. Four Fire Air Water and Earth which frequently by Hippocrates are call'd Hot Moist Cold and Dry. D. By what Arguments are the Elements prov'd to be four C. Chiefly by three First because they are the first four Elements liable to the sense of Feeling and so many real Agreements of Tangible Qualities Next because the four Elements concur to the forming of mix'd Bodies Lastly Because all mixt Bodies are dissolv'd back into the four Elements D. I would have thee demonstrate how Human Bodies are compos'd of these four Elements C. It is the general Assent of all that our Bodies are compos'd of Organic Members in the first place then those Organic Members are perfected out of a Composure of similar parts which similar parts deduce their Original from the Seed and Maternal Bloud both proceeding from a mixture of Humors which mixture arises from the Meat and Drink put into the Body the product of which whether the Flesh of Land-Creatures or of Fish whether Fruit-Trees or Herbs and Flowers is only the promiscuous concourse and mixture of the Elements Seeing then our Nourishment proceeds from the Elements from our Nourishment the Humors from the Humors the Similar Parts from the Similar Parts the Organic Members from the Organic parts of Human Body it is manifest that the same is compos'd according to the method of Nature out of the four Elements Moreover that Human Bodies consist of those first Elements is plain from their last Dissolution for that when a man dies all things return from whence they came Thus the innate heat dissipates and flies away to the Element of Fire His Breath returns partly to the Fire partly to the Air. The flowing Humor becomes Water again The more solid thick and firm parts when once the Moisture is exhausted dry up and moulder to dust This the most admired Hippocrates first gave us to understand where he declares that when Man expires every thing separates to its proper Nature and returns to those Elements of which it was at first compos'd The Moist to the Moist the Dry to the Dry the Hot to the Hot and Cold to the Cold. D. Tell us more plainly how human Body is generated out of the four Elements The Body of Man is not compos'd of the Bodies of the Elements alone but of their conjoyn'd Qualities nor these neither pure but intermixt and temper'd according as they act of suffer among themselves D. Repeat the Qualities of the several Elements C. Fire is hot in the Extream remisly dry Air moist in Extremity remisly hot Earth cold in the Extream remisly moist The Earth dry in the Extream remisly cold So that the first four Qualities are Heat Cold Moysture and Drought Of which the Elements are the first Subjects and out of their Mixture and Temperament our Bodies are compos'd which while the Mixture and Temperament remain equal and just are in perfect Health but when that Mixture and Temperament fails or is alter'd by some Accident the Body becomes distemper'd D. What is Mixture C. Mixture is the Union of Alter'd things apt to be mixt D. How is Mixture made either according to the Qualities or the Forms or in the whole C. Qualities are alter'd Forms united the whole Elements mixt with the whole D. Shew me more distinctly the Reason of Mixture C. Alteration precedes Mixture or rather the Conflict of contrary Qualities precede the acting and suffering of the Touch for all Physical Agents act by the Touch. And therefore all Elements that concur to constitute a mixt Body touch one another in the first place then act one upon another by their Repugnancy and Contrariety and so by their mutual acting and suffering divide themselves into the smallest parts imaginable make way and enter every where and this is call'd Mixture in the whole D. Then you say Substances are mixt with Substances C. Why not D. Because no Mixture is made without Repugnancy but Substance is not repugnant to Substance C. Substance is not repugnant to Substance of it self as it is Substance but in respect of its Qualities So Fire in its whole Form and Substance does not resist Fire but one in its Quality Fire being hot and Water cold Alteration is not a mutation or change of Forms but Qualities The Elements through their mutual Contests are alter'd in their Contests are alter'd in their Qualities and are temper'd by their being broken and pierc'd taking away the Repugnancy they are easily united But from the Union of the Forms of every Element one Form of a mixt Body arises Of Temperaments D. What is a Temperament C. A Temperament is a proportion of the four chief Elementary Qualities proper for the true exercise of the Natural Functions Avicen defines a Temperament to be a Quality arising from the Elements proportionably mixt Galen calls it the Beginning of Natural Functions and Faculties Averrhoes the Form of a mixt Body But this last Definition does not please me because the form of a mixt Body is a Substance but Temperament is an Accident in the Order of Qualities D. Think you a Mixture of the first Qualities may be made without a Mixture of the Elements C. By no means For tho in this Temperament differs from Mixture that the latter is made proper to the Elements the former to the Qualities yet are they so conjoyn'd that neither Mixture can be made without the aid of Efficient Qualities nor Temperament without the substance of all the Elements So that Temperament is a kind of Harmony of the four principal Qualities proceeding from the Mixture of all the Elements D. How many are the Differences of Temperaments in general C. Nine One Temperate eight without Temperature of which four are simple Hot Cold Moist Dry and as many compounded as Hot and Moist Hot and Dry Cold and Moist and Cold and Dry. D. What is that which is said to be Temperate C. That which the Greeks call well-temper'd which is as it were the Rule and Measure of all Temperaments D. Of how many kinds is it C. Twofold The one Temper'd absolutely and to weight the other to Justice in several Genus's D. What call ye Temperament absolute and to weight C. That in which there is an even and equal Portion
of Elements mixt together no more of hot then moist no more of cold then dry This Galen believes to be rather imaginary then real or if at any time it happen to be yet that it lasts but a very short time D. What call ye Temper'd to Justice in several kinds C. That which does not contain an exact evenness of Contraries but such a decent Mediocrity as its Nature requires and best agrees with the Genus or Species So that the equality of the Mixture is not to be measur'd by Arithmetical but Geometrical Proportion For Justice gives to every thing its due according to Dignity D. What are the simple Temperaments without Temper C. Such Temperatures wherein one of the four Qualities exceeds as either Heat Cold Moisture or Drought D. Which are the Compounded C. In which there is an Excess of two Qualities as a Temperature hot and moist in which the Heat exceeds the Cold and Moisture Driness Cold and dry which has more of Cold then Heat and more of dry then moist D. Thou hast in vain distinguish'd the Temperaments into Simple and Compound when there is no simple Temperaments but all are compounded C. That I deny D. I prove it thus A Simple Temperament is that wherein one only Element prevails as Hot in whose Temperament Fire prevails Cold in which Fire overcomes But every Element has two Qualities for Fire is hot and dry Water cold and moist Therefore there is no simple Temperament C. That is call'd a Simple Temperament wherein one Quality prevails not one Element D. Against thy Answer I thus argue Seeing that Quality is an Accident it cannot subsist by it self without a Subject And therefore if any Quality of an Esement prove superior of necessity he Element to which it belongs must tprevail C. Altho every Element have two Qualities there is but one which is predominant from which the Temperament derives its name But therefore is it call'd a Temperament hot or cold because the Heat prevails over the contrary Cold or the Cold over the contrary Heat with an equality of moist and dry And it it call'd a moist and dry Temper because the moist is more powerful then the dry or the dry then the moist with an Equality of hot and cold Of the Parts D. Thus much for the Elements and Temperaments now let us come to the Parts What is a Part C. The Word Part in a large sense signifies whatever makes up the whole frame of Human Body for whatever compleats and perfects the whole is call'd a Part as Galen testifies In this large and extended signification Hippocrates uses the Word when he calls the Humors and Spirits Parts But by Fernelius a Part is properly described to be a Body cohering to the whole conjoyn'd by Life common to both and provided for such a Use or Function By which Definition Humors and Spirits are excluded out of the number of Parts because they never stay or cohere but are carry'd with a swift motion through the Veins and Arteries D. What is the Division of Parts C. The Division of Parts is manifold but the chief Division is into such as contain and such as are contained D. Which are the containing parts C. The solid parts which are upheld by themselves D. How are they divided C. Into Similar and Dissimilar D. What are Similar Parts C. Similar Parts so call'd as being of the same Nature are such as consist of one equal Substance every way like to its self in which as being smallest to the Sence the Dissolution of the Body consists for which reason they are sometimes call'd Simple and Primary and sometimes sensible Elements as appearing most simple to the Senses D. How are Similar Parts divided C. Into Spermatic and Sanguine D. What are the Spermatick Parts C. Such as consist of Seed D. How many are the Similar Spermatic Parts C. Nine Bones Muscles Ligaments Fibres Membranes Nerves Veins Arteries and Skin D. But I say Nerves Veins Arteries and Skin are Dissimilar Parts for Galen Hippoc. and Plat. Of the Vse of the Parts assert that the Nerves are Marrowy within Membrany without that the body of the Veins and Nerves are interwoven with Membranes and several Fibres and that the Skin consists of Nerves Veins and Arteries and therefore they ought not to be numbred among the similar Parts C. I answer There are two sorts of Similar Parts for some are really Similars as Bones Muscles Ligaments Fibres Membranes other only in the judgment of Sence and so Nerves Veins Arteries and Skin shall be Similar Parts because upon the first view their substance seems to be of the same kind D. Which are the Sanguinary Parts C. Which have their Original from the Blood as Flesh and Fat D. Which are the Dissimilar Parts C. The Dissimilar Parts are such as are not compos'd of parts of the same Nature but of several differing in Species They are otherwise call'd Organic as being the Instruments of which the Faculties and Functions of the Mind make use D. How are the Organic Parts divided C. Into Animal Vital and Natural and every one of these into Principal and Assistant D. What d' you call the Animal Vital and Natural Parts C. The Instruments of the Animal Vital and Natural Functions D. What d' ye call the Principal part C. That part which governs the rest D. Which are the Assisting parts C. Those which are subservient to the Principal and derive their Original from it for the most part D. Which is the principal Organ of the Animal Function C. The Brain for it is the common Original of all the Animal Functions as well sensitive as moving the Seat of the Animal Spirit and the beginning of the Nerves D. How many are the Organs assisting the Brain in the exercise of the Animal Function C. Twofold for some conveigh the Animal Faculty to sense and motion others operate of which sort are all the proper Organs of every Sense exterior and voluntary motion D. Which are the Organs that conveigh the Faculty of sense and motion C. The sensitive and moving Nerves D. Which are the proper Organs of every Sense C. The Eyes of seeing the Ears of hearing the Nose of smelling the Tongue of taste and the Skin of feeling D. which are the proper Organs of voluntary motion C. The Muscles D. Which is the principal Organ of the Vital Functions C. The Heart for it is the fountain of Vital Faculty and Spirit the principal Seat of native Heat and the Original of the Arteries D. Which are the Organs subservient to the Heart C. They are twofold the Organs of Respiration and of the Pulses D. Which are the Organs of Respiration C. They are of three sorts some for conveighance others for reception others for motion The Organs that conveigh the Air the Wind-pipe and rough Artery The Lungs receive the Air down in and prepare it for the Heart The moving Organs are sixty five Muscles dilating and contracting the
effeminate it nourishes the Brain and other cold and moist parts of the Body wherein it chiefly differs from the Excrementitious D. What is the Excrementitious Flegm C. The Serous or Whey-like superfluity which the Kidneys separate from the Bloud and conveigh to the Bladder through the Vreters where it is called Urine D. At what Age is Flegm most redundant C. Flegm abounds most in old Age by reason of the decay of the Natural Heat D. When does it most abound in the Body C. The Winter fills the Body with Flegm by reason of the great plenty of Rain and the length of the Nights as Hippocrates declares A moist Constitution of the Air works also the same Effect for the moisture of the ambient Air increases flegmatic Humors and begets a great many watery superfluities D. Which are accounted the secondary Humors C. Such as derive their Original from the former in any part of the Body where they are more exactly prepar'd by the last concoction from whence two manifest Excrements proceed Sweat and Ordure besides what goes forth by insensible Transpiration D. How many are the secondary Humors C. They are reck'nd to be in number four according to the diversity of those Alterations which they undergo while they are prepar'd for the nourishment of every part The first is that which is contain'd in the small Veins thence ready to empty it self into the vacant spaces The second that which being diffus'd into the substance of the Part penetrates it like a kind of Dew The third that which gathering about the Hair sticks to it And the last is a thickn'd Liquor that sticks in such a manner to the Fibres that it seems to be chang'd into the substance of a Similar Part. And thus the Humors through the variety of their Alteration at length change into the Nature of the Body D. Think'st thou the Humors constituting the Nature of the Body to be perpetually Natural C. Not so for as when the Humors observe their Mixture and Temper they are natural so when they fall from their equal Constitution they become devious and wanderers from Nature Whence it happens that Bodies are sometimes sound sometimes sick according to that of Hippocrates containing in it self Bloud and Flegm black and yellow Melancholy by which the Nature of the Body is constituted and by means of which it is either sick or well for by the benefit of these it is in health when they answer one to another in reference to Temperament in Quantity and Quality and in reference to Mixture when they are mix'd and not separated one from the other But the Body is sick through the ill operation of these when in reference to Temperament one abounds the other is defective in Quality or when in Quality when the faculty of the one is more intense of the other more remiss Or else in reference to Mixture when one Humour separates from the rest of the Mass for when one Humour is separated from the rest of the Mass there must of necessity be some Distemper in that part from whence the Humour is departed contrary to Nature or in that part where it overflows contrary to Nature which Humour departing from the rest if it be expell'd without the Body begets a simple Disease but if it remain within the Body it will cause a double Distemper in that Part which it has left through Evacuation and in the Part where it abounds by Repletion D. How does the Blood deviate from the Rule of Nature C. When it grows corrupt that is when the thinner portion of it turns to yellow the thicker to black Choler by which it becomes fuller of Choler and Melancholy Or if it be vitiated by other Humors which flow into the Veins from the Bag of the Gall or any other Parts D. How does Choler deviate from Nature C. When either within or without the Veins it changes its Nature D. How many sorts of Choler are bred in the Veins contrary to Nature C. Three sorts the pale the yolk-colour'd and the black D. How does Choler become pale C. By the mixture of the serous Humour D. How of the colour of the Yolk of an Egg C. It is compounded of yellow and pale while the Acrimony of the Unnatural Heat is boyl'd up as it were to a Consistency so that of a thin it becomes a thick substance and the colour of it is likewise heightn'd resembling the colour of a raw yolk of an Egg. D. How does black Choler depart from its natural course C. Black Choler is made of the Vitelline by the extremity of Heat and Burning D. How many sorts of Choler are bred out of the Veins contrary to Nature C. Three sorts the Leek-colour'd the Rust-colour'd and the Woad-colour'd D. What is the Matter which compounds them C. They are generated chiefly in the Stomach of Meats that are of vicious and evil Juice and the Vitelline Choler poured forth into the Stomach is frequently chang'd into one or other of these contracting a change of colour from the coldness of the Place D. What causes the Effects of Melancholy against Nature C. When the MeIancholic Humor by extremity of Heat is as it were burnt to ashes so that it becomes sharp and biting differing from the Melancholic Juice as burnt Lees from not burnt This sort of Melancholy is call'd Black Choler and Black-choleric Humor D. What causes in Flegm its contra-natural Effects C. When it is corrupted either in the Veins or without the Veins D. How many sorts of Flegm are bred in the Veins against Nature C. Two sorts Acid and Salt D. What is the Acid C. That which is chiefly raw and crude which besides the first and imperfect Alteration in the Stomach has had no other Concoction D. How comes Flegm to be salt C. By the corruption of sweet Flegm through the mixture of the serous Humour D. How many sorts of Flegm are bred without the Veins C. Four sorts the Watery the Snotty the Glassy and the Pargetty D. What is the Watery C. That which is so thin that it distils from the Nostrils or falls from the Brains upon the lower parts like Water D. What is the Mucous C. That which by the heat of the Parts is thicken'd into the substance of Snot D. What is the Vitrous or Glassy C. That which in colour and substance is like melted Glass thicker and colder then the Snotty D. What the Pargetty C. That which at length becomes as thick and hard as Parget such as is sometimes seen in the Joynts in which after preceding thinner distillation and dissolutions of the thinner part of the Matter at last appears a piece of Flegm hardn'd like a Pumice-Stone Of the Spirits D. Leaving the Humors let us proceed to the Spirits Why are they call'd Impulsive by Hippocrates C. Because that by their means the Corporeal Bulks of Living Creatures are mov'd perceive live and subsist even by their aid the dull and heavy bodies of
living Creatures are subjected to the Empire of the Soul and brought under its government and power Moreover by means of them the corporeal substance coheres with the incorporeal whereby it comes to pass that they are as it were the Bands that tie both Soul and Body together D. What is a Spirit C. A Spirit is an Airy thin transparent Substance the seat of natural Heat the Vehicle of the Faculties and the first Instrument that sets the Functions at work D. How many sorts of Spirits are there C. Two the one innate and the other infus'd D. What is the innate C. That which was ingrafted into the several Similar Parts by the first Beginnings of Generation the foundation of which is the Radical Moisture D. Which is the infus'd C. That which flows in from elsewhere and cherishes and preserves the innate every where conveighing Faculty and Heat to enable the Functions in their several Duties D. Of how many sorts is it C. Threefold Animal Vital and Natural D. What is the Animal Spirit C. A Spirit begat in the Ventricles of the Brain of Vital Spirit and inspir'd Air whence being distributed through the moving and sensitive Nerves it renders all the Parts of the Body capable of Sence and Motion D. What is the Vital Spirit C. That which is bred in the left part of the Heart of the natural Spirit and the Air suckt in by the Lungs whence it is convey'd through the Arteries to every part to cherish the inbred Spirit corroborate the natural Heat and restore strength D. What is the Natural Heat C. That which proceeding from the Liver is diffus'd together with the Bloud through all the Veins the Cause of Generation Nourishment and Growth Of the Faculties D. Thus far we have discours'd of the Parts both Solid and Fluid of Human Bodies let us say something concerning the Faculties and Functions of the Soul Give me then the Definition of a Soul C. A Soul is the form of a Living Body By Aristotle it is defin'd the Entelechy of a Natural Organic Body potentially having Life D. What is meant by Entelechia C. Some interpret the Word to be the gaining of Perfection others the Act of Perfection but the latter Interpretation does not please me for the Soul is not an Act but the Efficient Cause of the Act. And thus Life is the Act of the Soul not the Soul it self D. Seeing then we are come to the consideration of Man I would have thee explain what the Soul of Man is C. It is that which gives him Vegetal Sensual and Intellectual Life By Aristotle it is defin'd to be the Beginning of Living Perceiving and Understanding By others the first Cause of all the Functions of our Body for the performance of which it is endued with a manifold Ability or Faculty D. What is Faculty C. It is the inbred power of the Soul of which she makes use for the producing of Actions By Galen it is defin'd The Efficient Cause of Actions and is therefore a Faculty because whatever it does it is able to do so that under the Word Faculty is comprehended that which has a Power to act D. Why does Galen refer the Cause of Action to Temperament C. Because Temperament is the Cause why the Soul performs her Actions without which she could not Therefore sayes Galen in his Book of Conjecturing by the Pulses The Soul is seated in the commodious Temperament of the several Parts for that then every Part performs with vigor its proper Office when in best Temper On the other side it acts amiss and feebly when it is out of Temper D. Then the Soul it seems flows from Temperament unless you take the Soul to be Temperament it self C. I do not believe the Soul to be Temperament because the Soul is a Substance but Temperament is only an Accident But I believe that Faculty flows from both from the Soul as from the Essential Form which is the first and chief Cause of all those Actions which we daily perform from Temperament as from the accidental form which is the assisting Cause without whose aid Souls cannot produce Actions D. How many sorts of Faculties are there C. The Essence of the Soul is purely uncompounded because there is but one form of one Body but Faculty by the Physicians is said to be threefold Animal Vital and Natural D. Nature the Architectress of the Body when she first begins to raise the Frame bequeaths several Faculties to the single Parts for the preservation of the whole therefore there are as many Faculties of the Soul as Parts of the Body C. The Parts of the Body are endued every one with their proper Faculties on purpose to serve the whole with so many Actions which it cannot want so that the number of Faculties and Organic Parts must be equal But as the Parts so the Faculties are contain'd under three Principal Kinds Animal Vital and Natural D. What is the Animal Faculty C. It is that which is only enjoy'd by Animals from whence it derives its Name D. Of how many sorts is the Animal Faculty C. The Animal Faculty is threefold Principal perceiving and moving D. Which is the Principal Faculty C. That which resides only in the Brain and in no other of the Organs D. Of how many sorts is it C. By Galen it it is said to be threefold Imagination Ratiocination and Memory But the first and last are referred only to the interior Sense by those to whom the Understanding only proper to Man seems worthy the name of Principal D. What is Imagination C. It is that which receives and apprehends the Images and Idea's of things objected to it and accepted by the Senses out of which being for the most part mixt and confus'd it produces and forms many things which before fell not under the power of the senses D. What is Ratiocination C. The Mind is that with which Man endu'd excels all other Creatures by whose assistance it understands and knows things incorporeal and forms abstracted from all Matter drawing universal Notions of things sometimes out of one sometimes out of another D. What is Memory C. It is that which stores and lays up within it self the forms and Images of Things represented by the Phansie and recall'd to the judgment of Reason D. Where are the Principal Faculties of the Soul lodg'd C. The Arabians lodge the Imagination in the foremost Ventricles of the Brain Reason in the middle and Memory in the hindermost but the Grecks deny them to be confin'd to places affirming them to be diffus'd through all the corners and over all the substance of the Brain D. What think you of this Controversie C. I do not like the Opinion of the Arabians though grounded upon probable Arguments Avicen and Averroes endeavour to demonstrate that the Faculties have their distinct Seats from hence because that one of them sometimes is deprav'd without any hurt to the other concluding thence the improbability
Vital C. Because the Irascible Faculty is that by which the Heart is mov'd to prosecute that which is good as to avoid that which is evil for the preservation of Life not only that but the Concupiscible Faculty by which the Heart is mov'd to embrace that which is good is also to be referr'd to the Vital Faculty D. But Galen and Hippocrates as they assign the irascible Faculty to the Heart so they appropriate the concupiscible to the Liver C. Galen there by the concupiscible Faculty does not mean that Desire by which a man is carry'd with apprehension toward the Object but the natural Appetite after Nourishment which tho it be fix'd in every part yet he ascribes it to the Liver as being the particular place where the Bloud is made D. What is the Natural Faculty C. That which being convey'd from the Liver through the Veins affords Nourishment to all Parts of the Body D. Of how many sorts is it C. Three That which nourishes that which causes growth and the generative Faculty D. What is the Nourishing Faculty D. That which converts and assimilates the receiv'd Nourishment to the substance of the body It also restores the continual decays of the body and remains to the last day of Life D. How many Faculties are subservient to the Nourishing Faculty C. Four The Attractive Retentive Concording and Expulsive D. What is the Attractive C. That which covets and draws to every Part convenient Moisture D. What is the Retentive C. That which retains the attracted Nourishment till the Altering Faculty have chang'd it into the Nature of that Part which it is design'd to nourish D. What is the Concoctive Faculty C. That which alters the attracted and retain'd Nourishment changes concocts it applies and assimilates it to the Part which is to be nourished D. What is the Expulsive C. That which separates and expels that which is not proper for Nourishment or superfluous D. What is the Increasing Faculty C. That which extends and enlarges the body till the time appointed by Nature D. What is the Generative Faculty C. That which begets its own like But that is not simple but compounded of two Faculties D. Which are those C. The Changing and Forming Faculty D. What is the Changing Faculty C. That which changes the first Substance out of which Generation is made and converts it into that proper and convenienter Matter which is to be generated D. What is the Forming Faculty C. That which makes the Form agreeable to the whole and every Part of the body D. Thus far of the Animal Vital and Natural Faculties But is the mutual consent of all requir'd C. They are so far conjoyn'd by mutual Consent saith Fernelius that every one singly subsists by the help of the rest The Vital perfects the rest and sets them at work and is by them assisted by mutual Kindnesses The Natural affords it food the Animal by the motion of the Breast and Lungs is the Cause of Nourishment and Refrigerarion To the Animal the other two afford Matter and the Vital running through the Arteries preserves and increases it which always her self stands in need of the Animal D. Which by mutual Consent of Authors is the agreed Order of the Faculties C. By the order of Procreation the Natural is first then the Vital and the Animal last But in order of Excellency the Animal precedes then the Vital and lastly the Natural But as to the Necessity of Life and Action the Vital is the first of all then the Natural and last of all the Animal Of the Action D. After the Faculties follow the Actions What is an Action C. An Action is a Motion proceeding a Faculty sometimes from the Greek call'd Energy from the Latins Function or Operation D. How is Function divided C. As Faculty is threefold so is Function Animal Vital and Natural D. But Galen allows but two sorts of Functions Animal and Natural Of Actions saies he there are two primary Differences for some are the Actions of the Soul and others of Nature therefore the first are call'd Animal and the second Natural C. I Answer That in that place Galen comprehends the Vital under the Animal Functions D. How do the Intellectual Actions differ from the Sensible C. There is this particular difference between them That the Sensible Actions have every one their particular Organs by which they are committed Sight the Eye Hearing the Ear the Action of Smelling the Nose Tast the Tongue Feeling the Skin But Intellectual Actions want the help of no Corporeal Organ because they are not capable of Corporeity D. As if the Brain were not the Organ of the Functions of the Mind whose Temperament is so necessary for the true performances of Understanding Cogitation and Ratiocination that that being once deprav'd Phrensie follows C. I grant the Brain to be the Organ of Imagination which contains the Idea's of Corporeal things but not of the Mind only so far as that it cannot operate in the Body without the help of sensible Idea's D. How are voluntary Actions divided C. They are twofold some are continually free others subject to the Affections of the Body D. Which are altogether free C. Those which we do perpetually when and as often as we please without any impediment as Speaking and Walking D. Which are subject to the Affections of the Body C. Such as are not perpetual but at certain times as the Necessities of the Body require as making Water and Easement of the Belly D. How are the Vital Functions distinguished C. Of the Vital Actions the one is the principal which is the work of making the Vital Spirit two Ministerial as Respiration and the beating of the Pulses Under the Pulsatii Actions are comprehended the Motions of the heart proceeding from the irascible and concupiscible Faculties From the one Gladness Hope Love which dilate the Heart as embracing the Object of Good From the other Sadness Fear Hatred by which the Heart is contracted troubled and oppress'd as avoiding the evil Object D. Is Respiration an Animal or Natural Action C. It is a voluntary Action being made by the help of the Muscles contracting and dilating the Breast but not altogether free because it is done upon Necessity Others believe Respito be a mixt Action partly Animal in respect of the Organs partly Natural as depending upon the motion of the Heart which is Natural and because it never ceases whether we sleep or wake when all the Animal Actions cease in Sleep D. Is the Pulse an Animal or Natural Motion C. The Pulse neither depends upon the Will nor Nature simply but upon the Vital Faculty of the Soul which is Natural Not upon the Will because we cannot make this motion nor stop it at our own pleasures Not simply upon Nature for nothing moves in a living Body but the Soul for otherwise there would be more then one form The Soul is of an Animal Nature which to preserve its Union
with the Body moves the Heart concocts in the Stomach and Liver and performs all the other Offices of Life Therefore the Pulse is a Natural motion of the Heart proceeding from the Natural Faculty of the Soul which is not voluntary but vital D. How many Actions proceed from the Natural Faculty C. The Nutritive increasing and generative Faculties D. What is Nutrition C. Nutrition is the conversion of the receiv'd Aliment into the substance of the Body D. How is Nutrition brought to pass C. That same Juice which being to nourish every part of the Body falls from the Vessels is first dispers'd into every part then apply'd and agglutinated and after that assimilated so that Nutrition is a perfect Assimilation but that Assimilation may be brought to pass Agglutination must precede and before that Application D. Which are the Assistants of Nutrition C. Attraction Retention Concoction and Expulsion D. How are these Actions brought to perfection C. They are all except Concoction brought to perfection by the help of the Fibres Attraction by the aid of the streight Fibres Retention of the oblique and Expulsion by the assistance of the transverse For as the Muicles contracted at our will and pleasure and as it were reduc'd to their Original cause Motion so it happens to the Natural Instruments that by the streight fibres through the only instinct of Nature contracted the Nourishment is attracted by the transverse fibres contracted whatever lay in the more roomy space is by that contraction expell'd But because the oblique fibres being stretch'd forth admit neither of a shorter or narrower capacity Nature observing a kind of equality and constancy they contain every thing and neither attract nor expel D. How is Concoction perfected C. By the innate Heat alone D. How many sorts of Concoction can you reckon C. Three The first in the Stomach the second in the Liver and the third in the several Parts D. What is Increasing C. It is the enlargement of the several Parts into length breadth and depth D. What is Generation C. It is the Production of a new substance therefore it is not a simple action of Nature but compounded of Mutation and Formation By these two Actions all Generation is brought to perfection For when any substance is changed into another it suffers a mutation of its proper Essence as when out of the procreative Seed and Bloud a Bone or a Nerve or any other Part is generated being withall fashion'd into the shape agreeable to Nature But this Function then chiefly acts it part when the Birth lies in the Womb. The Dean's Judgment of the Candidate's Merit In this Physiological Examination Candidate Thou hast given us such a Specimen of thy Learning and Industry that if thou answer'st my Fellow-Collegiates that are to dispute with thee so accurately and acutely as to the other Parts of Physic I judge thee worthy Apollo's Lawrel THE SECOND DISPUTATION Of Things not Natural in the Vse of which that Part of Physic which concerns the Method of preserving Health consists Doctor HAving made and Explanation of Natural Things we are now to proceed to things not Natural What are Things not Natural Cand. Such as preserve the Natural Constitution of Man D. Why are they so call'd C. Because they are not of the Nature of Man nor against his Nature D. How many things not Natural are there C. Six in Number The ambient Air Meat and Drink Sleep and Waking Motion and Rest Expulsion and Retention and the Passions of the Mind in the true Use of which consists the Method of Preserving Health D. Are they all necessary to the Preservation of Man's Body C. So necessary that without the use of every one Human Life cannot subsist For in regard there is a continual waste of our threefold substance by the innate Heat there is a necessity of restoring the spirituous by Air of the solid by Meat and of the humid by Drink Sleep is also necessary for the Concoction of Nutriment and to reinforce the wasted Spirits It is necessary we should wake that the functions of the Soul may have liberty to act Exercise is necessary to excite the Natural Heat Alternate Rest is requisite to relieve the Members weary'd by Labour And in regard that Nature is not able to convert all the Nourishment we receive into the substance of the Body is is but necessary that the Excrements should be expell'd And the Passions of the Mind cannot be avoyded in regard of the Objects Good and Evil. D. Wherein consists the Method of preserving Health C. In the convenient Quality Quantity Manner and Time of using the several things not Natural Of the Ambient Air. D. What Air is to be chosen to preserve a sound Health C. Such an Air as is neither too fat nor thick nor misty by reason of adjoyning Lakes or Rivers but thin and serene neither over-hot nor over-moist nor over-cold nor over-dry but temperate not infected with the exhalations of standing Waters common Sewers nor Church-Yards nor defil'd with Dunghils or the corruption and stench of things either superior or inferior nor in a Vally surrounded with high Mountains or in any hollow place where the Wind has no power D. How much Air is requisite for a man to draw C. Strong People the more Breath they fetch the better they are in health but for weak Persons and such are newly recover'd from Sickness to remove out of a close into a free and open Air is dangerous D. How are they then to order themselves in the use of Air C. They must by degrees and insensisibly accustom themselves to a more free and plentiful Air. D. When may they most safely oppose themselves to a freer Air C. Upon serene days when the Air is neither too hot with the Sun-Beams nor over-cold and the Wind is not too high Of Meat and Drink D. What sort of Meat is to be made choice of for the preservation of Health C. That which consists of good Juice easie of Digestion and which contains the least Excrement On the other side Meat whose Juice is evil hard of concoction and abounding with excrement is to be avoided D. What Meat is that which affords good Juice C. That which is neither hotter nor colder nor drier nor moister then it should be but temperate neither too glutinous nor too thin for such food breeds Blood of a laudable temperature and consistence neither too thick nor too serous D. How much food is to be taken C. So much as may suffice to restore the wasted substance of the Body therefore they who abound with natural heat and use much exercise because they make a great waste of their substance need a larger supply of food On the other side they whose natural heat is weak and live at ease ought to be moderate in eating and the more plain and simple the Diet is so much the more familiar to Nature And as Sobriety is most wholesom so plenty and
variety of Victuals clogs and tires the Stomach D. What method is to be observ'd in eating C. Meat before it be swallow'd ought to be very well chew'd by the Teeth And there is this order to be observ'd in feeding that the liquid must precede the solid the light the heavy and the loosning the binding victuals D. When is the best time to feed C. A man ought to feed at a set hour the first being concocted and descended into his Belly having before us'd sufficient exercise and the Appetite calling for it that Nature which does her Work at a prefix'd time may the more chearfully attend the work of Concoction D. What sort of Drink is best for the preservation of Health C. Of all sorts of Drink Wine is chiefly to be commended but somewhat red sometimes white clear thin not sweet not sharp fine and rather small then too strong with a larger quantity of Water in the Summer then in the Winter But to men of hot tempers Water is more convenient then Wine of which the best is the clearest and lightest without the least ill scent or savour Sider and Perry is better then Water Ale and Beer well brew'd of Barly-water and Hops for those People that live in the North Parts is a good sort of Drink so it be clear thin and neither too new mor too small D. How much Drink is sufficient C. So much as is answerable to the Meat receiv'd Solid and dry Diet requires more liberal drinking for liquid and moist Meats more moderate drinking will suffice But as for Wine if it be immoderately taken it tears up the strength of Body and Mind and hastens Old Age. D. What is the method of Drinking C. Too much Drink at Meals causes the Meat to float in the Stomach nor is it good to drink too sparingly for that suffices not to quench thirst and frequent drinking between Meals hinders Concoction but all Drink whether Wine or Ale made cooler either by Water Snow or Nitre to cool the Summer-heat is to be avoided as pernicious to the Nerves D. When is it proper to drink at Meals C. As Hunger argues a necessity of eating so Thirst implies a necessity of drinking to supply the Radical Moisture But though a man be not adry when he has eaten the half of the solid meat he intends it is yet then good to drink to mix and moisten it in the Stomach by which means it may be the more easily digested and convey'd to the Liver for that Drink is the Vehicle of the Meat But before Meat and presently after Meals after Bathing or while a man is in a Sweat all drinking is to be forborn Of Sleeping and Waking D. What Sleep is requisite for the Health of the Body D. Quiet sound and moderate for that Sleep is not commendable which is disturb'd with restless Dreams nor so slight as to be disturb'd with the least noise worst of all immoderate sleep for it hinders the due expulsion of the Excrements out of the Body and detains them beyond their time it begets abundance of Superfluities renders the Brain more cold and moist breeds the Head-Ach and causes Drowniness of the Mind and Dulness of the Senses D. How long time may a man be allow'd for Sleep C. Of this Judgment is to be made from the perfect Concoction of the Elements for no certain time can be ascribed to all persons in regard that some concoct sooner some later However for the most part six seven or eight hours at most is to be allotted for the time of sleep But for the determining the proportion of sleep we must consider the Temper Age Nourishment received and Labour the person has more Sleep then the Flegmatic Old men than Young men they that feed more liberally then they that feed sparingly and they that have labour'd either with Body or Mind then they that have used none D. Which is the best way for a man to lie when he takes his rest C. Let a man lie first upon his right side that his Meat may descend more quickly to the bottom of his Stomach then upon his left that by the Stomach 's resting toward the Liver Concoction may be forwarded which done let him turn again upon his right side that the Chylus may be more easily distributed to the Liver Add to this that the shifting of sides in this manner does not a little refresh the weariness of the Body Lying upon the Back is condemned by all as being the occasion of many Diseases and lying upon the face is bad for those who are troubled with defluctions in the Eyes D. What time is most wholesom for Sleep C. The most convenient time is the Night two or three hours after Supper the Night being most fit for Sleep by reason of its Moisture and Tranquility Besides that it affords time enough to perfect the Concoction of the Meat there being no occasion for a man to disturb his through exigency of business On the other side sleeping by day is most pernicious because it fills the Brain with too much moisture which ought rather to be dried up by waking D. What Waking is most wholesom C. As moderate Sleep is wholesom immoderate hurtful the same is to be said of waking for as too much Sleep over-cools and moistens the Brain so excess of waking weakens the Temper of the Brain debilitates the Senses hinders Concoction and begets Grudities for that while a man wakes the Natural Heat together with the Bloud and Spirit keeps out in the external parts so that as the Night is the season for Sleep so is the Day for Waking Wherefore it was the Precept of Hippocrates to sleep by night and wake by day for the night causes a better concoction and the day a better distribution of Nourishment and expulsion of Excrements Besides the Animal Faculty is more encourag'd to labour in her Functions by the heat and light of the Day Of Exercise D. What Exercise is requisite C. Not too easie nor too vehement not too swift nor too slow but moderate However the Flegmatic require a stronger and more violent Exercise then the Choleric Equality in Exercise is preferr'd before Inequality And that Exercise which most delights the Mind ought to be look'd upon as the most wholesom D. How long is Exercise to be continu'd C. Till the Body grow warm and a lively Colour appear in the Countenance together with a Sweat mix'd with a hot Vapour till the Respiration be large yet easie and while the Motion continues equal and brisk While any of these fail 't is time to desist lest the Body grow colder drier and leaner with long exercise But always let the exercise of the person be answerable to his Food for the more liberally or sparingly a man feeds the more or less he ought to exercise D. What is the method of Exercise C. Exercise is requisite as often as the Body is fed a gentle motion at first then more
vehement then more gentle again D. What time is most fit for Exercise C. When the Concoction is perfected But in regard that Exercise stirs up the Natural Heat without which the Meat cannot well be concocted Exercise ought to be always us'd before Meals Besides that Exercise consumes many Superfluities which are first to be expell'd before any more Nourishment be receiv'd in After Meals Exercise is hurtful in regard the agitation of the Body joggs down the Nourishment out of the Stomach ere it be concocted which occasions several Crudities in the Veins that beget several Diseases Neither is a man to exercise till he has emptied his Body of such Excrements as call upon Nature lest any thing of them be carried away into the Habit of the Body through the force of the Natural Heat redoubled by Exercise Of the Rest D. When is Rest required C. When the Body is wearied with extraordinary motion for in all motion of the Body says Hippocrates when any person comes to be wearied Rest is presently the Remedy against Weariness This Ovid also confirms where he says That whatever wants alternate Rest can never long support it self for Rest repairs the strength and recreates the weary Members The Mind also wearied with Cares and study stands in need of Relaxation and Rest which unless you grant it is impossible to maintain its Vigor Ease nourishes the Body and feeds the Mind But as moderate Ease is wholesom so immoderate Sloth is hurtful for it dulls the vigor of the Mind and begets Crudity For as by Exercise the Native Heat is increas'd and Concoction expedited so is it by Sloth extinguish'd and Concoction hinder'd Of the Excrements D. What Excrements are wholesom C. The several Excrements if they be moderate and seasonably thrown off are wholesom but if they be kept in and tarry too long in the Body they putrefie and breed several sorts of Diseases Wherefore for the preservation of Health they are to be expell'd in time by the help of Art D. But artificial evacuation is not convenient because we learn out of Hippocrates That sane People purg'd by Cathartick Med'cins suddenly decay C. That is to be understood of such as are of an unblameable habit of Body who before Meals are constant in their exercise of their Body and Mind and take an accurate care in observing due Concoction But as for them who keep no constant method of Feeding or through Intemperance or Business or Ignorance tho healthy and strong they cannot pretend to be safe from Diseases unless it be by a provident loosning the Belly by intervals or sometimes by making use of more powerful Purgation and by seasonable opening a Vein or taking such Remedies as are effectual to concoct attenuate and cleanse as Galen tells us in his Book De Euchymia D. What is to be observ'd in determining the Quantity of Evacuation C. You are always to consider the strength of the Person for all Evacuation too excessive is dangerous because it weak'ns the strength D. What is the method of Evacuation C. Where there is most superfluous Matter there by little and little not all at once evacuation is to be made lest the Body be too suddenly and too violently weak'nd therefore it is better to let Bloud often then to take away too much at one time In the same manner it is safe to purge the Body by moderate reiteration then to give a Scowrer all at once Thus it is better to procure Sweat Urine or Womens Flowers by gentle reiterated Med'cins then by one forcible Medicament And thus the moderate Use of the Venereal Act with due cessation may be wholsom for the preservation whereas the immoderate use of it is the destruction of Health D. What is the fittest time for Evacuation C. As for the Season of the Year the Spring is the fittest for Bloud-letting and Purging according to the Opinion of Hippocrates for then saith Philotheus the Heat is neither too fierce which a Dissolution of the Body nor the Cold too vehement which thickens the Humors Galen also prescribes the Evacuation of superfluous Humors in Autumn by way of Precaution Now for the Excrements which are hurtful in themselves as the Excrement of the Guts Urine Sweat Snot and Spittle they are daily to be evacuated but such as are only hurtful in their Excess as the Seed and Menstruous Bloud they may be retain'd till their Quantity offend Moderate Coition after the first Sleep is most profitable as well for the preservation of Health as for Generation for then the Seed is perfectly concocted and the loss of Spirits is easily made good again by the ensuing Sleep Coition during the coming down of the Monthly Courses is prohibited for fear the Birth prove Leprous nor is it good upon a full or a fasting Stomach The Spring is the most proper season and Youth the most proper Age for it In other Ages of men the Seed is either none at all or else unfit for Generation If the Flowers come not down they are to be provok'd by Art at the same time that usually they came down before But neither Women with Child nor Nurses nor young Girles nor Old Women are permitted to make use of Art in that particular Of the Passions of the Mind D. Of all the things not Natural which belong to the preservation of Health there only remain those which the Latins call Perturbations of the Mind I desire thee to explain what and how many they are and whether they be wholesom or no C. The Passions are Motions of the Mind violent and contrary to right Reason which cause an alteration in the Body because of the extraordinary force of the Native Heat acting together with the Spirit and Bloud both without and within There are four Principal Passions two arising from an Opinion of a good Object as Gladness or Joy and Desire and as many out of an apprehension of a bad Object as Sadness and Fear Anger and Shame are added but the first being a burning Desire of Revenge is referr'd to Desire as the latter may be said to relate to Fear The two first sorts of Passion if they be moderate are wholesom otherwise pernicious For many pusilanimous Persons have expir'd through immoderate Joy as the Writings of several Authors testifie but all the rest are hurtful for many have di'd through vehement and sudden grief at what time a weak little Soul being oppress'd by a strong Affection was presently extinct and suffocated while all the Bloud was violently carry'd away to make an inundation upon its first Original Thus Pliny relates that P. Rutilius hearing the News of his Brothers Repulse upon his putting in for the Consulship presently expir'd Thus upon the 16th of August 1619. Monteler a Noble young Gentleman of Tours and Lieutenant Colonel of the Regiment of Ments through extraordinary Grief fell down suddenly dead as he was talking in the Street His Body being open'd all his Bowels appear'd to
the universal Excrements as Urine and Ordure For they certainly foretel whether the Crisis will be sooner or later and what day Judgment will be made of the Disease for if the Urine appear concocted upon the fourth day as if it have a white settlement smooth and equal it shews the Crisis will be upon the seventh D. What more do the signs of Concoction and Crudity declare C. As the signs of Crudity sometimes portend not only diuturnity of the Disease but Death so the signs of Concoction promise not only a short stay of the Disease but also security D. Is that perpetual C. Yes so that the concoction be continual and constant for that is the best Urine saies Hippocrates when both the Urine and the Sediment is white smooth and equal during the whole time until Judgment be given of the Disease But if there be an Intermission that it be sometimes pure and sometimes crude with a white and smooth Settlement now and then it argues longer continuance and less safety for continuance of Concoction argues strength of Nature and predominancy of the Natural Heat But if the Concoction be interrupted and that signs of Concoction appear in the Morning but none in the Evening and that the Water be sometime crude sometime concocted no security of a Crisis can be expected from such a concoction for that the Disease and Nature are upon equal terms and the Victory remains doubtful Nature begins the concoction but cannot perfect it through Imbecility or else the Malignity of the severe Humor that it will not admit of concoction D. Are there no other signs that indicate the Time and Day of the Crisis C. Besides the signs of Coction and Crudity the Motion also of the Disease is to be observed to tell the time and day of the Crisis For such Diseases as move with violence and swiftness are soonest judged of those that are extreamly peracute in the first fourth day peracute the first seventh day simply acute the fourteenth day acute by mutation from species to species may be put off till the fortieth day The motion also of the Disease declares whether the Crisis will happen upon an even or odd day For when a Crisis is only made when Diseases are in their vigor and exasperation never in the beginning nor in the declination if the exasperation of the Disease happen upon an even day the Crisis may be expected upon an even day and so on the contrary D. What are the signs of a Crisis at hand C. The signs that usually next precede a Crisis are a vehement pain in the Head tumbling and tossing anxiety unquenchable thirst an unequal Pulse and the like For as Hippocrates says The Night becomes very tedious to them upon whom the Crisis is made before the Fit D. How many sorts are there of a Crisis C. Two Excretion or Removal For the Translation of every Humor from one part to another is made either by flowing forth or by removal D. Which are the Differences of Excretion C. Bleeding at Nose Sweating Loosness Vomit and Streaming sorth of the Urine D. How many are the signs of a Crisis by Excretion or Removal and Setling C. Two for some are universal others proper to every species D. Whence are the universal gathered C. From the motion of the Disease the part affected and the Age of the Patient D. What is the motion of the Disease C. Acute Diseases are judg'd by evacuation or excretion Diuturnal by removal and settlement for the nature of Acute Diseases consists in quick and vehement that of Diuturnal Diseases in a slow motion D. But Diuturnal Diseases are often judg'd by evacuation so Nicodemus was judg'd the 24th day by Urine Anaxion the 34th by Sweat and Cleonaectides was perfectly judg'd the 80th day C. I answer Chronic Diseases are sometimes cur'd by excretion in respect of the acute exasperations that happen D. What Judgments are to be made from the affected Party C. If the convex parts of the Liver be inflam'd a Crisis may be expected either by bleeding at the right Nostril or by sweat or by stream of Urine but if the hollow parts be affected the Disease will be determin'd either by Looseness or by Vomits Inflammations of the Head are judg'd by the Blood bursting forth at the Nostrils for there the extremities of the Vessels end but Vomiting and Looseness cure the Inflammations of the Mesentery and Stomach D. What Conjectures may be made from the Age of the Patient C. Bleeding at Nose most commonly happens to young men in burning Feavers to old men in the same Distemper Loosenesses Galen gives this reason because the Humors in young men are full of Choler thin and sharp and therefore flowing upward in old men Flegmatic and therefore flowing downward D. These are the universal Signs of a future Crisis now for the Signs proper to every Species And first what are the signs of a critical Bleeding presently expected C. If in an acute Feaver you observe a redness all over the Patients face a vehement pain in the Head and Neck a high Pulse in the Arteries of the Temples a dimness of Sight and dilatation of the Hypochondriums with difficulty of Breath you may expect a flux of Blood at the Nose D. Give me the reason of every sign C. When the Flux of Blood is near at hand the Face grows red the Blood being translated from the lower to the upper parts and preparing to make its way through the Nostrils The pain in the Head and Neck proceeds from the translation of the Morbific Humor which tearing and rending the membranous parts most exquisite in their feeling beget that vehement pain the Arteries beat high by reason of their compression which proceeds from the particular repletion of the veins the Eyes wax dim by reason of the abundance of thick Spirits carry'd to the upper parts that obstruct the passages not admitting entrance to the Animal Spirits The Hypochondrium is distended that is the Liver swells by reason of the motion of the Blood which begins its motion at the fountain and roots of the Veins The difficulty of breathing proceeds from hence for that the Blood coveting to ascend oppresses the Diaphragma which is the principal Organ of Respiration D. Are there any other Signs of instant Bleeding C. Besides those which are numbred up by Hippocrates Galen adds Noises in the Ears Tickling in the Nostrils seeming Apptritions of red things Thus to a certain young man that lay in an acute Feaver and suddenly leapt out of his Bed he foretold an instant Bleeding for that the young man being by him ask'd why he leapt out of his Bed when there was nothing to scare him made answer that he saw a red Serpent creeping in at the Window D. What are the betokening signs of a critical Sweat C. Suppression of Urine and a cold Quivering D. Why suppression of Urine C. Because the Matter of Urine and Sweat is the same the serous parts
of those Humors that are contain'd in the Veins so that there being a Translation of the serous into the whole Body the Urine comes to be suppressed D. What causes the Shuddering C. The Acrimony of the serous Humor hurting the Nervous Pannicle which is of most exquisite sense D. Are there any other Signs of future Sweat C. The Moderns add a slow and feeble Pulse fluctuating and uneven and the fore-running of a hot Vapor steaming from the Head D. What are the signs of an approaching Loosness C. Belching breaking Wind rumbling and swelling of the Belly For these Signs argue the removal of the noxious Humor into the Veins of the Mesentery and from thence into the Guts The Urine also appears thin and white the Choleric part being all remov'd into the Belly D. What are the signs of approaching Vomit C. These are mention'd by Hippocrates a reaching and desire to Vomit griping of the Stomach by reason of the vicious Humor there harbouring frequent spitting the Humor evaporating from the Stomach to the Mouth a darkness of sight by reason of the cloudy Vapour exhaling from the Stomach Others add a bitterness upon the Tongue and palpitation of the lower Lip D. What are the signs of a Flux of Urine C. Hippocrates delivers none but Galen admonishes that they are to be gather'd from the privation of other Purgations For if no signs appear of Bleeding Sweating Loosness or Vomit but that the signs of Critical Concoction and Crudity have preceded it is most agreeable to Reason that the Disease must be judg'd by Urine especially if there be a heaviness in the Hypochondrium and a burning in the extream parts of the Yard and that the Patient has all along during the Distemper made thick and plentiful Water D. So far for the Signs of Excretion now tell us the signs of a future removal and settlement C. In Diuturnal Diseases where Nature is not able to throw off the thick Humors by excretion a Settlement must be expected especially in the Winter also if Purgation were by Nature begun but not perfected or if the Patient have made thin and crude Urine during the whole course of the Disease with healthful and good signs D. Tell us now the Signs portending a good or bad Crisis C. Whether the Crisis be good or bad we judge by the Signs concomitant and subsequent D. Which d' ye call Signs concomitant C. Such as appear with the Crisis it self so that the Excretion or Settlement happening easily shew whether it â—â—e good or bad D. Which are the signs of a good Excretion C. To make an Excretion advantageous four things are requir'd convenient Quality sufficient Quantity seasonable Time and a manner of Purgation familiar to Nature D. What Quality is requir'd C. That quality is most to be commended when the peccant Humor is purg'd out after due concoction for the Purgation and Expulsion of crude Humors is bad D. What is Quantity C. It ought to be moderate For as immoderate Expulsion is dangerous in regard all Excess is an Enemy to Nature so of critical Excrements there ought to be no small purgation for a small Expulsion shews that the more copious and malignant Humors cannot be govern'd by Nature or else it shews labouring Nature's sudden Dissolution And therefore little Sweats Droppings of Blood and Vomits in small Quantity are all condemn'd by Hippocrates for all the noxious Humor not any part of it ought to be evacuated in regard that what is left after the Crisis in Diseases is the occasion of a Relapse D. What time C. Upon the critical day for all other expulsions are to be suspected D. What is the Method of Purgation C. Purgation ought to come forth all together in a good quantity and not by degrees through the places proper not through the nobler parts not obliquely but in a streight line through the open passages Thus when the Spleen is affected for the Blood to burst from the right Nostril and when the Liver is affected to break out at the left Nostril is evil For excretion in a straight line argues a stronger contention of Nature whereas oblique excretion argues the Malignity of the Humor the weakness of the Part oppressed and an obstruction of the Passages D. What are the good conditions of a wholesom Abscess or Settlement of the bad Humor C. In a wholesom Abscess three things are requisite in the Opinion of Hippocrates Where from whence and for what reason Where denotes the Part where the settlement is made which ought to be some inferiour or more ignoble Part remote from the Part affected capable to contain all the Morbific Matter otherwise there is danger of a reflux From whence denotes from what Part the Matter is remov'd from the right or the left for the removal ought to be in a straight line For what reason denotes the cause of the removal that is whether through a true concoction of the morbific matter or whether by some unseasonable provocation for if it happen while the matter of the Disease is crude the consequence will be evil D. There remain the consequent signs that shew us either a prosperous or doubtful Crisis From whence are they gather'd C. From the Quality of the Body the Actions and Excrements D. What is to be regarded in the Quality of the Body C. The Quality of the Body is discern'd by the colour and bulk If the Face be well colour'd the excretion or purgation was wholesom if the Colour be livid yellowish or black the purgation is symptomatical if the swelling of the Face falls that was swell'd before the Crisis is perfect if it continue puffie there is some fear of relapse D. What as to the Actions C. Whether the Actions Natural Vital and Animal are right If there be a good Reception Concoction and Expulsion the Crisis is true and good if kecking loathing of Meat sowr Belches and offensive to the smell Thirst and Extension of the Hypochondriums a Relapse is to be fear'd if an equal and more remiss Pulse easie respiration and temperate heat the Crisis is safe if a thick Pulse and an ardent heat it argues a remaining want of Temper in some of the Bowels which may breed a new generation of Humor if the Mind and Senses be at ease and sound if the Patient sleep quietly and turn without disturbance from one side to the other it argues a good Crisis the contrary justifies an evil one D. What as to the Excrements C. If the Excrements be well colour'd and figur'd and the Urine like those of healthy people they testifie a healthy Crisis if thin or red they threaten a relapse D. Tell me now the difference of Critical Days C. There are three differences of Critical Days some are truly Critical call'd principal others Indicatory and others such as fall between the Principal and the Indicatory D. What are the Days truly Critical C. Such as judge perfectly faithfully manifestly and without danger D.