of the Skin WE remark in the Skin the Scarfskin being raised Three Parts The First is an infinite Number of Papille Pyramidales they are the Ends of all the Nerves of the Skin each of which are enclosed in two or three Covers of a Pyramidale Figure and these Covers are each above another They may be easily seen and separated in the Skin of an Elephant and in the Skin of the Feet of several other Animals Between these Papillae are an infinite number of holes which are nothing but the Orifices of the excretory Vessels of the Miliary Glands underneath The Second Part is a web of nervous Fibres and other Vessels differently interwoven it is always covered with a mucous Substance which serves to support and moisten the Papillae Pyramidales and it is the Parenchima or that part of the Skin that the Parchment is made of The Third Part is an infinite number of Miliary Glands about which there is much fat they 〈◊〉 under the other two Parts they seâ—â—te the matter of Sweat and insenâ—â—â— transpiration Each Gland receives â—erve and Artery and sends out a 〈◊〉 and excretory Vessel which last â—â—es thorow the other two Parts to the â—â—icula for the discharging the Body â—his Matter and for the moistening the â—â—icula and the Papillae Pyramidales that 〈◊〉 may not be dry which would very â—â—h hurt the sense of touching Upon 〈◊〉 surface of the Skin there are many â—allel Lines which are cut by as many â—allel ones These Intersections make â—â—es of a Rhomboidale figure and â—â—on the Ends of the Fingers these â—â—es are Spiral There is a Pore â—â—â—h a hair in the most part of the â—ersections the more there are of â—â—se Lines and the deeper they are 〈◊〉 rougher and the more wrinkled is 〈◊〉 Skin The thickness of the Skin The Skin is six times thicker 〈◊〉 the Scarfskin And in the Sole of 〈◊〉 Foot it is much thicker than in the â—â—e Hands and other Parts In the â—mmer it is thinner and softer because 〈◊〉 Pores are wider In the Winter it is â—re compact and harder because the â—res are more close therefore the hairs 〈◊〉 Beasts stick faster and Furs made of â—em are better in that Season In some â—e Skin is white in others black and â—uny which probably comes from the different colours of the Mucosity which covers the Parenchima of the Skin 〈◊〉 the Fibres of the Skin in all are white and there is little or no difference in the colour of different Bloods The Skin has communication with all the rest of the Body by the Veins Nerves Arteries and Lymphaticks which it receives from all Parts of the Body in abundance It s Use is to cover and wrap up all the Parts of the Body The use of the Skin to be the Organ of the sense of touching and the emunctory of the whole Body SECT V. Of the Hair THE Hair may justly be reckoned one of the common Teguments of the Body not only for its Use but also because it is to be found upon all the Parts of the Body except the Soles of the Feet and Palms of the Hands It grows longest upon the Head Beard in the Arm-Pits and about the Privities When we examine the Hairs with a Microscope we find that they have a great resemblance with Plants for they have each a round bulbous root which lies pretty deep in the Skin and which draws their Nourishment from the surrounding Humours and therefore they grow after Death In some places 't is apparent â—hey receive a small twig of a Nerve The Hairs themselves appear hollow which is also confirmed by the Plica Poâ—nica in which Distemper the Blood â—rops from their Extremities they are generally of a triangular figure and â—heir different colours depend much upon the different temperaments and quaâ—ity of the Humours that nourish them The use of the Hairs is for a Covering and Ornament to the Body whatsoever the efficient Cause may be why a Man has a Beard and a Woman â—one it is certain the final Cause is for the distinguishing the Male from the Female Sex which otherwise could hardly be known if both were dress'd in the â—ame Habit. SECT VI. Of the Fat. THE Fat which is another of the common Teguments of the Body is an oily and sulphureous Substance contained in a number of little membranous Cells which being look'd upon with a Microscope resemble the Cells of Honey-combs only they are not so regular being they are somewhat flat and almost of an oval figure The Membrane of which these Cells are composed is very thin and transparent and seems to be only a continuation or production of the Membrana Adiposa to which it closely adheres This Membrana Adiposa lies under these Cells and in a manner is their basis and support From this Membrane arise a great number of Veins Arteries and Nerver which divide into an infinite number of branches which terminate in the celluâ— adiposae The Vessels of the Fat. Malpighius has discovered a Net of small Vessels which he calls Ductus adiposi because they are full of Fat these he supposes bring the Fat into the Cells but he could never discover from whence they take their rise There are also a number of little Glands which are accompanied with Lymphatick Vessels which carry back any Serosity that is superfluous The Fat is to be found immediately under the Skin in all the Parts of the Body except in the Forehead Eye-lids Lips upper part of the Ear Yard and Scrotum but in all the other Parts of the Body there is more or less there is much about the Heart the Kidneys the Intestines the Thighs the Glands and the Joints There are two sorts of Fat Two sorts of Fat. one white or rather yellow soft and lax which is easily melted called Pinguedo Another white firm brittle and which is not easily melted called Sevum or Tallow Some reckon the Marrow of the Bones for a â—hird sort of Fat. The Vse of the Fat. The chief Use of the Fat is to hinder 〈◊〉 too great Exaltation of the Salts for there is nothing which sweetens so much â—he Acrimony of exalted Salts as greasy and oily Substances therefore it is found almost thorow all the Body that it may be taken up by the Veins to blunt and sweeten the too great sharpness and Acrimony of the Salts which are in the Blood The Fat which is about the Glands has the same use in respect of the Lymphae and that which is about the Kidneys may serve to preserve their Bason-against the Salts of the Urine The Fat serves sometimes for the nourishment of the Body and for the entertaining of the Natural Heat Hence it is that the Dormouse and other Creatures live during a whole Winter without any other Food It serves also to moisten and souple the Parts for facilitating their Motion to fill up the Interstices of the Parts that the Skin may
because of the Valvulae Tricuspides which communicates with the Vena Pulmonaria which carries back the Blood into the left Ear which in its Systole thrusts the Blood into the left Ventricle which is then in its Diastole In the Systole of this Ventricle the Blood is thrust into the Aorta for it cannot return into the Ear because of the Valunlae Mitrales which carries it thorow all the Body Now the Aorta when it comes out of the Heart ascends a little upwards and then turns downwards to form the descending Trunk because the Blood might offend the Brain if it ran with that impetuosity with which it 's thrown out of the Heart and from the upper side of this turning the Cervical and Axillary Vessels do arise by this artifice the Blood collides against the sides of the Aorta its force is broken part of it is taken in by the Mouths of the ascending branches but it s greatest part is directed downwards Of the Circulation of the Blood in the Foetus Let us now consider which way the Blood circulates in the Foetus for this you must observe that in the right Ear on the lower side of the Protuberance of the Cava just opposite to the Mouth of the Cava Descendens there is a hole called the Foramen Ovale which opens into the Vena Pulmonaria this hole has a Valve which suffers the Blood to enter the Vein but hinders it to come back again There is likewise a Passage or Canal called Ductus Bottali which comes from the Trunk of the Arteria Pulmonaria and goes to the Trunk of the Aorta Now the Blood which comes from the Placenta by the Umbilical Vein into the Porta is sent into the Cava by a Canal which goes straight from the Trunk of the Porta to the Trunk of the Cava in the Liver This ascends the Vena Cava and is directly thrown thorow the Foramen Ovale into the Vena Pulmonaria which carries it into the left Ventricle which throws it into the Aorta to be distributed thorow all the Body But the Blood which comes down the Vena Cava ascendens is diverted by the Isthmus of the Cava from the Foramen Ovale and falls into the right Ventricle which thrusts it into the Arteria Pulmonaria from whence it 's immediately carried by the Ductus Bottali into the Aorta to be mixt with the rest of the Blood By this you see that the Blood which comes from the Vena Cava descendens passes only thorow the left Ventricle whilst the Blood which comes from the Cava ascendens passes only thorow the right Ventricle Thus having shewed what way and by what means the Blood circulates thorow the Heart let us now reflect a little upon the quickness of its motion Each Ventricle will at least contain an Ounce of Blood and therefore we may safely suppose that the Heart throws into the Aorta an Ounce of Blood every time it contracts The Heart contracts 4000 times in one Hour or sometimes more and sometimes less according to the different Temperaments Sexes and Ages from which it follows that there passes thorow the Heart every hour 4000 Ounces or 350 Pound of Blood Now the whole mass of Blood is but about 25 Pound so that a quantity of Blood equal to the whole mass of Blood passes thorow the Heart 14 times in one hour which is about once every 4 minutes I say a quantity which is equal to the whole mass of Blood and not the whole mass it self for it is not to be supposed that the Blood which goes to the Extremities can return to the Heart as soon as the Blood which goes only to the Kidneys or Liver The Velocity and quantity of Blood together with the time it takes to run in different Blood Vessels differ according to the different lengths and orifices of the Vessels according to the greater and lesser Compression the Vessels receive in the different Parts thorow which they run according to different quantity of Secretions from the Vessels in the several Parts of the Body according as the Vessels have more or less turnings and windings and according as they divide into more of fewer branches These things determinate the Velocity Time and Quantity of Blood in the several Vessels of the Body In the Blood there is much volatile Salt and Spirits some Phlegm and Sulphur a little Earth but little or no fixt Salt Alcali's dissolve it and Acids coagulate it SECT V. Of the Lungs Of the Figure of the Lungs THE Lungs are in the middle of the Cavity of the Thorax they are divided into two Lobes by the Mediastinum and the left is ordinarily subdivided into two more The Figure of both Lobes together resemble a Cows foot being a little concave betwixt the two Lobes where they embrace the Heart and behind where they lie upon the Vertebrae but before where they touch the Sternum and Ribs they are Convex The colour of the Lungs in a Foetus is of a pale red but after that the Air has once entered them Of their Colour and Connexion they lose their red and remain always pale yet in Adults they are variegated with the one and the other They are tied to the Sternum by the Mediastinum before to the Vertebrae by the Pleura behind where it rises from the Vertebrae to the Heart by the Vena and Arteria Pulmonaria and sometimes to the Pleura where it covers the Ribs particularly in the left side and especially after a Pleurisie Of the Membranes of the Lungs The Lobes of the Lungs are covered with a double Membrane the External is smooth fine but close The Internal is rough and unequal formed by the Extremities of the Vessels and Membrance which tie the Vesicles together It resembles the side of a Honey-Comb Of the Structure of the Lungs Each Lobe is subdivided into an infinite number of little Lobes disposed like so many Grapes upon the Sides and Extremities of the branches of the Bronchiae covered each with their proper Membrane and tied together by a number of Membranes which fill up the Spaces that these Lobes leave between one another Each little Lobe contains an infinite number of small and little Orbicular Vesicles which leave small Interstices between them which are full of small Membranes like those which tie the Lobes together Each Vesicle receives a twig from the branch of the Brochiae that enters the Lobe in which they are contained This twig opens in their Cavity which is divided into little Cells which communicate with one another and a twig from the Vein Nerve and Artery which are spread upon the Membranes of the Vesicle each Vesicle communicates with one another Of the Vessels of the Lungs Now the Vessels which enter the Lungs are the Trachea or Aspera Arteria which comes from the Larynx the Arteria Pulmonaria which comes from the right Ventricle and Vena Pulmonaria which comes from the left Ear
of the Heart each of these divides into two branches for the two great Lobes of the Lungs which being accompanied with the branches from the eighth Pair of Nerves they divide into as many branches as there are little Lobes in the Lungs Where-ever there is a branch of the Trachea there there is a branch of the Nerve Vein and Artery and the Trachea is always in the middle The branches of the Trachea Arteria which are ordinarily called Bronchiae open in the Cavity of the Vesicles and the Nerves Veins and Arteries form Plexus's upon the Membranes of the Vesicles the Arteries open into the Veins by an Anastomosis Besides these the Lungs have Lymphaticks which discharge themselves into the Thoracick Duct accompanying the Vein and they are chiefly to be seen in the External Part of the Lungs There is also a Vein which comes from the Cava that Sommichellius calls Pneumonica and an Artery that M. Ruysh calls Arteria Bronchialis which comes from the Aorta The Artery brings the Blood for the Nourishment of the Substance of the Lungs and the Vein carries back what is superfluous Of the Trachea Arteria This is the passage of the Vessels thorow the Lungs but because the Trachea Arteria has a particular Structure it demands a particular Examination It is a Canal situated in the forepart of the Neck before the Oesophagus it descends from the Larynx to the fourth Vertebrae of the Back where it divides and enters the Lungs and its branches are afterwards called Bronchiae Of its Cartilages This Canal is made of Annular Cartilages which are at small and equal distances from one another These Cartilages the nearer they are to the Larynx the bigger they are and the further they are from it the smaller they are and those of the Bronchiae are so close to one another that in expiration the second enters within the first and the third within the second and so the following always enters the preceeding Betwixt the Larynx and the Lungs these Cartilages make not compleat rings but their hind part which is contiguous to the Oesophagus is membranous that they may the better contract and dilate and give way to the Aliments as they go down the Oesophagus but the Cartilages in the Bronchiae are compleatly Annular only the Extremities of the Bronchiae a little before they open into the Vesicles have no Cartilages but instead of them they have small circular Ligaments which contract and dilate for the reception and expulsion of the Air. Of its Membranes These Cartilages are tied together by two Membranes the one external and the other internal The external is composed of circular Fibres it covers the whole Trachea externally The internal is of an exquisite sense it covers the Cartilages internally It is composed of three distinct Membranes The First is woven of two Orders of Fibres Those of the first Order are Longitudinal for the shortening the Trachea they make the Cartilages approach and enter one another The other Order is of circular Fibres for the contracting the Cartilages When these two Orders of Fibres act they help with the external Membrane in Expiration in Coughing and in the Excretion of any tickling humour The second Membrane is altogether glandulous and the Excretory Vessels of these Glands open in the Cavity of the Trachea they separate a Liquor for the moistening the Cavity and for defending it from the Acrimony of the Air. The third and last is a Net of Veins Nerves and Arteries The Veins come from the Vena Cava the Nerves from the Recurrent and the Arteries from the Carotides Of the use of the Lungs Having thus considered the Structure of the Lungs 't is evident that the Air enters by the Trachea into the Vesicles and so swells and dilates the Substance of the Lungs in Inspiration but in Expiration these Vesicles contract and thrust out the Air which carries a great deal of excrementitious Vapours from the Blood along with it by the Elasticity of their Fibres by the help of the Nerves and by the pressure of the surrounding Bodies employed in respiration It is also evident that the Blood is carried from the Heart by the Arteria Pulmonaria thorow all the Substance of the Lungs and that the same Blood is taken up by the Vena Pulmonaria and carried back again to the Heart And we are sure that whilst the Blood passes thorow the Lungs that it receives some alteration for the Blood in the Arteria Pulmonaria is of a dark colour as venal Blood but that which is in the Vein is of a florid red as Arterial Blood yet how this Alteration is made is not determined by Anatomists Some considering that the Surface of venal Blood drawn in a Pellet and exposed to the Air turns to the colour of Arterial Blood do think that the nitrous Particles of the Air which we breath passes thorow the Tunicles of the Vessels and mixes with the Blood and causes this Alteration which they say is necessary for the recruiting of the Animal Spirits and for the entertaining the natural heat of the Blood by fermenting with the Sulphureous Parts of the Aliments Others explain this Alteration only by the beating and agitation of the Air upon the bloody Vessels of the Lungs which indeed is sufficient to cause this Alteration and the necessity of this beating appears by an Experiment which is this take a little new drawn Blood look to it immediately thorow a Microscope you shall see a number of small red globules swimming in a thin and clear Liquor and the longer you look the more of these Globules join in one and the bigger they grow till at last they all come into one and the Liquor is separated by its self and then the Blood is coagulated Thus the red Globules of the Blood in the Veins as they return from the Extremities grow bigger and bigger for the want of being agitated And if they were not separated and broken into many smaller Particles they would soon cause a stagnation in the Capillary Vessels So the beating of the Air in Inspiration and Expiration is necessary for the attenuating subtilizing and intimately mixing the Chyle Lympha and other Parts of the Blood SECT VI. Of the Larynx It s Situation THE upper Part of the Trachea Arteria is called the Larynx It is almost of a circular Figure lying below the root of the Tongue before the Pharynx It is composed of five Cartilages which sometimes in old Men become as hard as Bones Of the Cartilago Scutiformis The first is the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Scutiformis because of its Figure It makes that Protuberance in the forepart of the Larynx called Pomum Adami It has four Corners It is about an inch broad but not so long It 's Concave within and Convex without It is divided in the middle by a Line from its upper to its lower Part it s four Angles have each a small
is the Erectores they rise from the Ischium a little below the roots of the two nervous Bodies they lie upon them and are inserted into them The Second are the Acceleratores they rise from the root of the Vrethra they have several Fibres which join the Fibres of the Sphincter Ani they lie upon the Vrethra betwixt the two former and are inserted into the nervous Bodies When these Muscles act they compress the Veins of the Penis against the Os Publis and so stop the Blood from returning whilst the Arteries still bringing more must necessarily swell and distend the spongious Part of the nervous Bodies and Vrethra which is the true cause of an Erection for if you stop the Veins of the Yard in any Cadaver and inject a Liquor by the Arteries the Yard shall swell as in a Natural Erection SECT XVI Of the Parts of Generation proper to Women HAving given an exact Account in the First Chapter of the Figure and Situation of the External Parts of Generation proper to Women I shall here only examine their Substance and Use and then proceed to the other Parts Of the Clitoris The Clitoris which is in the upper part of the Vulva is a long and round Body naturally about the bigness of the Vvula it begins to appear well about 14 Years of Age it is covered with a folding of the Skin of the Vulva called its Praeputiam The Substance of the Clitoris is composed of two nervous Bodies such as those of the Yard they rise at two different places in the lower Part of the Os Pubis and approaching one another they unite and form the Body of the Clitoris whose Extremity which is of an exquisite sense is called its Glans The two nervous Bodies before they unite are called the Crura Clitoridis they are twice as long as the Body of the Clitoris Its Muscles It has two Muscles which rise from the Protuberance of the Ischium and are inserted in its nervous Bodies They erect the Clitoris in the Coition after the same manner that the Muscles of the Yard do erect the Yard Its Vessels The Clitoris receives Veins and Arteries from the Haemorrhoidal Vessels and the Pudenda Nerves from the Intercostals which are afterwards distributed thorow all the Parts of the Vulva Remark that the Veins on the one side of the Vulva communicate with those of the other side and so do the Arteries communicate with one another Of the Nymphae The Nymphae have been sufficiently described already Their internal Substance is spongious and full of Blood Vessels therefore they swell in the act of Copulation they receive Vessels and Nerves as the Clitoris Their Use is to defend the internal Parts from external Injuries to encrease the Pleasure in Coition to direct the course of the Urine they are bigger in married Women than in Maids The Hymen is a membranous Circle or Ring at the Mouth of the Vagina Hymen which being broke at the first Copulation its Fibres contract in three or four places and form what they call Glandulae Myrtiformes A little beyond the Clitoris in the upper part of the Vulva above the Neck of the Womb there is a little hole Urethra which is the Orifice of the Vrethra It is naturally so large as to receive a Probe as big as a Goose-quill it is covered within by a sine Membrane The length of the Neck of the Bladder is almost about two singers breadth It has a little Musele called its Sphincter which embraces the Vrethra to hinder the involuntary running of the Urine it joins the fleshy Fibres which are at the Orifice of the Vaginae Between this Muscle and the inner Membrane Lacunae there is a white and glandulous Substance almost a finger breadth of thickness it surrounds all the Neck of the Bladder in it there are many little Excretory Vessels called Lacunae which discharge themselves of a viscous Liquor for the tickling of the Sex into the lower part of the Vulva This glandulous Body is the Seat of Gonorrhoea's in Women as the Prostate are in Men it has the same use that they have It hath been found all ulcerate in Women which have had a Gonorrhaea The Vagina Vagina or Neck of the Womb is a long and round Canal which teaches from the Pudenda to the internal Mouth of the Womb. In Maids 't is about five fingers breadth long and one and a half wide but in Women who have born Children its length and bigness cannot be determined because it lengthens in the time a Woman is with Child and it dilates in the time of Birth It lies betwixt the Bladdes and the Rectum with which last it is wrapt up in the same common Membrane from the Peritonaeum for this reason the Excrements come out some times by the Vulva when this Intestâ—â—â— is wounded The Substance of the Vagina is composed of two Membranes of which the inner which lines its Cavity is nervous and full of wrinkles like the roof of the Mouth of an Ox especially in is forepart There are may little Vessels which pour into it a viscous humonâ— in the time of Coition of which we have spoken before The wrinkles of this Membrane are for the Friction of the Balanus to encrease the Pleasure in Copulation to detain the Seed that it run not out again and that it may extend in the time of Gestation The External Membrane of the Vagina is made of muscular Fibres which as occasion requires dilate and contract become long and short for adjusting its Cavity to the length and bigness of the Yard At its lower part there is a Muscle of circular Fibres like a Sphincter and under it on each side of the Vagina a Body composed of Vessels and Fibres which they call Plexus Retiformis both of them help to straiten the Mouth of the Vagina that it may grasp the Yard closely The Neck of the Womb receives Veins and Arteries from the Hypogastrick and the Haemorrhoidal Vessels Those from the Hypogastrick are dispersed in its upper part and those from the Haemorrhoidal in its lower part These Vessels communicate with one another Some of them open into the Cavity of the Vagina and pour out part of the Blood which makes the Menstrua It has Nerves from the Os Sacrum Amongst other uses the Neck of the Matrix serves for a Conduit to the Menstrua and for a Passage to the Foetus Of the situation of the Matrix The Matrix or Womb is simated in the lower part of the Hypogaster betwixt the Bladder and the straight Cut the Os Pubis is a fence to it before the Sacnum behind and the 〈◊〉 on each side they form as it were a bason for it but because it must swell whilst a Woman is with Child there fore they leave a greater space in them than in Men it is for this reason that Women are bigger in the hauncher than Men.
in Generation So great is the Pleasure in the act of Generation that it alters the course of the Blood and Animal Spirits which then move all the above described Parts which before lie quiet and at rest The Clitoris is erected which by its exquisite sense affords a great deal of Delight the Glands about the Neck of the Womb being pressed by the swelling of the neighbouring Parts pour forth a Liquor to facilitate the Passage of the Yard and to encrease the Pleasure The Neck of the Womb contracts and embraces closely the Yard the Fibres of the Womb contract and opens its Mouth which at other times is extreamly close for the reception of the spirituous Part of the Seed and by the extraordinary motion of the Blood and Animal Spirits the membranous Expansions of the Extremities of the Tubae Fallopianae being erected and extended embrace the Ovaria for the carrying the Seed to them The Seed impregnates the Egg which from being transparent becomes Opake some time after 't is covered with a thick and glandulous Body which presses it on all sides and thrusts it out thorow a little hole in its middle so it falls into the Orifice of the Tubes which dilate sufficiently for its Passage into the Womb. Some partly considering the closeness of the Mouth of the Womb and partly the thickness of the Membranes of the Ovaria and Ova do judge it impossible for the Seed to pass this way therefore they think that it is taken up by the Veins which open in the Cavity of the Vagina and Matrix where circulating it ferments with the mass of Blood from thence come all those Symptoms which appear in Conception it enters and impregnates the Egg by the small twigs which are upon its Membranes This Fermentation swells the Membranes of the Tubae opens the Cavity of the Womb and makes every thing ready for the reception of the Egg. SECT XVII Of the Generation of the Foetus of the Vmbilical Vessels of the Placenta of the Posture of the Foetus and term of Delivery THere are two principal Opinions about Generation the first is that all the Parts of the Body were praeexistent in the Egg of the Female and that Generation is nothing but the quickening and rendring the Embrye fit for the Nourishment and due Augmentation which it ought to have The other is M. Leuenhoeck's who by his fine Microscopes does discover a vast number of Animalcules in the Male Sperm he says that they have all the Shapes of our Body and that they alone are sufficient for Generation but Dr. Garden with more reason thinks that the Female Eggs are for a Nourishment to them because that Eggs are frequently found in the Tubae Fallopianae Now the Egg being faln into the Womb the Humours which 〈◊〉 from the Extremities of the Vessels of the Womb penetrating the Tuniclâ— of the Egg swell and dilate it just 〈◊〉 the Sap or the Earth swells Seed that is thrown into the Ground Or the branches of the Veins and Arteries whereby the Egg was tied in the Ovarium which may be probably the Umbilical Vessels being broken fasten with the Vessels which open in the Cavity of the Womb then there appears a little Cloud upon the middle of the external Tunicle of the Egg which Cloud is the beginning of the Placenâ—a and about the same time the Spine of the Embryâ— appears and a little after the Cerebrum and Cerebâ—â—â—â— which are like two small Bladdâ—â— afterwards the Face begins to form and the Eyes stand goggling out of the Head the Heart may be plainly seen beating and last of all the Extremities appear Of the Chorion Now the Membranes of the Foetus are the same with those of the Egg. The first which is the External is called Chorion it is pretty thick smooth on its inside but rough and unequal on its outside It receives some branches from the Umbilical Vein and Artâ—ries by which it is tied to the Placâ—â—ta It covers the Amnies or Internal Membrane and between them there is a Liquor which is that Liquor which the Chorion imbibes first when the Egg falls into the Womb this Liquor decreases as the Foetus increases So that towards the last Month the Chorion comes close to the Amnios Of the Amnios Which is the Second and Internal Membrane It covers immediately the Foetus It is whiter thinner and smoother than the Chorion It contains a clear and pure Liquor in the middle of which swims the Foetus The first of this Liquor is originally in the Egg as has been already said but as soon as the Egg falls into the Womb 't is increas'd by the Liquor which the Chorion imbibes which passes also thorow the Pores of the Amnios till the Plaecenâ—a is form'd which adhering to the bottom of the Womb intercepts this Liquor and sends it by the Umbilical Vein some of whose branches terminate in the Glands of the Amnios where this Liquor is separated from the â—est of the Blood which is carried back by the branches of the Umbilical Arteries which are spread upon the same Membrane Of the Allantoides Needham Graaf and Bidlâ—o say that there is a third Membrane called Allantoides In Beasts it lies betwixt the Chorion and the Amnios It is the Receptacle of the Urine of the Foetus which is brought from the Bladder into this Membrane by the Vrachus which is one of the Umbilical Vessels but it is not in a humane Foetus Of the Vmbilical Vessels Now the Umbilical Vessels are four in number counting the Vrachus with the two Arteries and the Umbilical Vein The Arteries rise from the Extremity of the Aorta or the beginning of the Iliacks of the Foetus and passing by the sides of the Bladder they join the Vrachus at the Navel thorow which they pass then they give some branches to the Amnios and Chorion and are afterwards divided into an infinite number of branches in the Placonta The Vein rises by several roots or branches which are spread thorow all the Substance of the Placenta it pierces the Chorion and Amnios to which it gives several twigs and passing in at the Navel it joins the Vena Porta in the Substance of the Liver The Vrachus rises from the bottom of the Bladder ends in the Allantoides for discharging the Bladder of the Urine according to some tho' we cannot perceive any visible Cavity in it Others with more reason think that it ends in the Navel for the sustaining the Bladder in its Situation to hinder that it fall not upon its Orifice which would necessitate the Urine to run out incessantly The Umbilical Vessels come all three out of the Body of the Foetus wrapt up in one common Tunicle which makes a rope upon which there are several knots which are nothing but the Vessels a little dilated in those places There are some so foolish as to think that the number of knots marks the number of Children that the
makes the root of the Intercostal Nerve this goes out at the Canal thorow which the Carotidale Artery enters The seventh is the Auditory Nerve it rises from the hind Part of the Processus Annularis and enters the hole in the Process of the Os Petrosum The eighth Pair is the Par Vagum it rises from the Medulla Oblongata behind the Processus Annularis by three several Threads which join in one and it goes out at the same hole the lateral Sinus's open into the Jugulares The ninth Pair rises from the Processus Olivares of the Medulla Oblongata and passes out at a hole in the Occipital Bone which is proper to its self The tenth and last Pair rises by several Fibres from the beginning of the Medulla Spinalis from thence ascending within the Occiput it turns and passes out at the same hole thorow which the Vertebral Artery enters between the first Vertebra and the Occipital Bone running thorow a Sinus in this Vertebra These are the Nerves of the Brain which we shall trace further in the Eighth Chapter Of the Vesseâ—â— of the Brain The Arteries are the two internal Carotidals which pass thorow two oblique Canals in the Ossa Petrosa as soon as they enter the Skull they give a branch which enters the Orbit of the Eye they give branches which make the Rete Mirabile then they pierce the Dura Mater on each side of the Infundibulum they communicate with the Cervical Artery and they give branches to the Plexus Choroides and are distributed thorow all the Substance of the Brain their branches make many turnings and windings upon the Pia Mater and at last are lost in the little Glands of the Cortical Substance of the Brain The two Vertebral Arteries which come out of the holes in the transverse Processes of the Vertebrae enter the large hole of the Occipital Bone they pierce the Dura Mater and go along the under side of the Medulla Oblongata then they cast back two branches for the Spinal Arteries and at the Processus Annularis they join in one branch called the Cervical Artery This communicates with the two Carotides by two branches called the Communicant branches then it divides again into two which give branches to the Rete Mirabile Plexus Choroides and they are afterwards distributed thorow all the Substance of the Brain ending in the Cineritious Substance as the Carotidales The Veins enter not the Cranium at the same holes that the Arteries do because as Dr. Ridley rightly observes upon any Fermentation of the Blood the Swelling and Pulse of the Arteries would compress the Veins against the bony sides of their Passage and so cause a Stagnation and Extravasation of the Blood in the Brain which would be the destruction of the whole Machine Neither do the Veins run along by the sides of the Arteries in the Brain as they do thorow all the rest of the Body but they rise from the Extremities of the Arteries in the Cineritious Substance of the Brain and go streight to discharge themselves into the Sinus's of the Dura Mater The Vse of the Brain The Blood which is brought into the Brain by the Carotidal and Vertebral Arteries is separated by the Glands which make the Cineritious and Cortical Substance of the Brain from its finest and most subtile Parts which they call Animal Spirits which are received from the Glands by the Fibres of the Medullary Substance which is the beginning of the Nerves the Blood which remains is taken up by the Veins which are the branches of the Sinus's which discharge themselves in the Lateral Sinus's which pour the Blood into the internal Jugulars to be carried back to the Heart This is all the use we know of the Brain in General As to the particular Use of its Parts the Seat of the Soul of the Memory the Imagination and the Judgment that Authors have so wittily determin'd I am apt to think that it was more Fancy than Judgment that determined them to think so We shall speak of the Medulla Spinalis in the Third Section of the Eighth Chapter SECT IV. Of the Eyes THE Organs of Sight are divided into two Parts The internal Part which is the Globe or Body of the Eye and the external Part which is those Parts about the Globe subservient to the Globe Of the Eye-brows The first of these last are the Eye-brows which are nothing but some Hairs bunching out above the Eye by some Fat which is under the Skin in this place They break the Rays of Light that they be not directly darted into the Eyes which would greatly offend the Sight as they do when we look directly upon the Sun Eye lids The next are the Eye-lids two to each Eye The upper Lid moves very quickly the under very undiscernibly Its Muscles The upper Eye-lid is lifted up by the Musculus Rectus which rises from the bottom of the Orbit of the Eye where the Optick Nerves pierce the Cranium and passing above the Musculus Superbus 't is inserted by a large tendon to the border of the Eye-lid Both Lids are brought together to shut upon the Eye by another Muscle called Orbicularis It rises from the great Angle of the Eye and its Fibres are spread two fingers breadth covering the under Lid they reach to the little Canthus from which continuing its circular Fibres which cover the upper Lid it is inserted into the same place from which it arose Some Authors divide this Muscle into two the Superior and Inferior which they make to rise from the great Canthus and to be inserted into the little Canthus Of the Conjunctiva The Eye-lids are covered within with a smooth Membrane called Conjunctiva because it is continued upon the forepart of the Globe constituting that which we call the white of the Eye it joins the Globe to the Edges of the Orbit Of the Cilia The edges of the Eye-lids have two small and soft Cartilages like the Segments of a Circle called Cilia they keep the Eye-lids extended that every Part may be equally raised Upon them there is a rank of small Glands whose excretory Channels open upon the edges of the Lids They yield a wax which fasteneth the Eye-lids together whilst we sleep They are covered with the Skin externally and with the Conjunctiva internally Upon the edges of the Lids there are also some hairs in form of a Pallisado to preserve the Eyes as the Eye-brows do and to hinder any filth or flies from falling into the Eyes Of the Glandula Lachtymalis In the backside of the Conjunctiva upon the upper Part of the Globe is the Glandula Lachrymalis pretty large divided into several Lobes each of which send out an Excretory Channel which opens in the foreside of this Membrane where it covers the upper Lid. This Gland separates the Matter of the Tears which by the continual motion of this Lid moisten the Cornea which otherwise would
Line This Coat is loose and stretches very easily 't is not closely tied to the rest The second is a Web of small Vessels in form of a Net it furnishes the necessary Nourishment to the rest of the Coats The third is made of little Glands which separate the serosity of the Blood brought by the Vessels of the second Coat The fourth is composed of Muscular and Spiral Fibres whose Parts successively contracting hasten the Circulation of the Blood The only reason why the Veins do not beat as the Arteries do is because the Blood in the Veins runs from a narrow Channel into a broader whereas in the Arteries it runs from a wide Vessel to a narrower one Authors do not agree about the Origination of the Veins Some say that it is in the Heart and some others will have them to rise out of the Liver Others think that they come from all the Parts of the Body by their little branches which are distributed thorow it where they say they have their beginning as so many roots which join to make a Trunk or as little Brooks that produce a River But they have juster thoughts who think that they have no Origination at all no more than all the other Parts of the Body which are all formed in the Cicatriâ—â—lâ— of the Egg where they only grow and are insensibly disclosed The branches of the Veins in proportion as they recede from their Trunks they divide into an infinity of little Capillary branches which at last are imperceptible These Capillary branches are spread thorow all the Viscera in the Membranes and thorow all the Fibres of the Muscles to receive the Blood which was brought there by the Arteries The Extremities of the Veins unite to all the Extremities of the Arteries But because there are more Capillary Veins than Arteries the Veins unite with one another and so likewise do the Arteries that if one Branch be stopt the Blood may have a Passage by another These Unions Authors call Anastomosis The Veins have in their Cavities little Membranes or Valves disposed at certain distances in such a manner that they open towards the Heart and they shut towards the Extremities of the Body to hinder the Blood to return and to sustain it that by its weight it fall not back again There are more Valves in the Veins of the Thighs Legs Feet and of the Arms and Hands than in the other Parts of the Body There are none in the Vena Porta the Emulgent Veins nor in the Vena Pulmonaria The openings of the Valves are disposed alternatively to the end that the Blood which escapes or falls back from one may be stopt by the next Their Figure is almost like a Half-Moon their Substance is membranous fine and strong their number is uncertain The use of the Veins is to bring the Blood back again to the Heart from all the Parts of the Body SECT V. Of the Vena Porta ALL the Veins rise from two principal Trunks viz. The Porta and the Cava except that of the Lungs which is a particular Vein and separate from the rest The Vena Porta was so called by the Ancients because they thought that it brought the Chyle by its Meseraick branches from the Intestines to the Liver thorow whose Substance 't is spread as is said in the Section of the Liver It rises out of the Liver it sends out two small Veins to the Vesica Fellis called Cysticae Gemellae one to the Stomach called Gastrica Dextra then advancing a little to the left its trunk divides into two branches of which the least called Ramus Splenicus goes to the left Hypochondrium And the greatest called Mesenterica goes to the right The Ramus Splenicus so called because it carries the Blood from the Spleen sends out from its Trunk two branches called Gastrica Minor Maâ—â—â— which are spread thorow all the Stomach A branch of the Gastrica Major makes the Coronariae Stomachicae at the upper Orifice of the Stomach It gives three branches more two to the Omentum and Colon and the third to the Pancreas Then the Splenicus divides into two branches the one Superior the other Inferior The Superior sends out the Vas Breve and some other branches which go to the Spleen The Inferior gives two branches viz. The Epiplois Sinistra which is spread thorow the back Part of the Omentum and that Part of the Colon which is under the Stomach The other branch is the Gastro-Epiplois Sinistra which is also spread upon the Omentum and upon the Stomach it makes sometimes the Vena Haemorrhoidalis Interna The rest of this Inferior branch enters the Substance of the Spleen The right branch of the Porta called Vena Mesenterica before it divides sends out the Gastrâ—-Epiplois Dextra which is spread in the Omentum and lower Part of the Stomach it sends out also the Intestinalis which goes to the Duodenum and to the Jejunum it gives some branches to the Omentum and Pancreas Then the Mesenterica divides into three great branches which run betwixt the Duplicature of the Mesenterium two of them go towards the right side which divide into fourteen branches and these are again divided into an infinity of others less which are called Meseraicae they creep upon the Jejunum Ilium Caecum and Part of the Colon. The last and third branch of the Vena Mesenterica is spread thorow the middle of the Mesenterium to that Part of the Colon which is on the left side to the Rectum down to the Anus where it forms the Haemorrhoidales Internae The Use of this Vein is to bring back to the Liver the Blood which was brought by the Arteries to these several Parts SECT VI. Of the Trunk of the Cava Ascendens ALL the little Capillary branches of the Vena Cava which are spread thorow the Substance of the Liver unite by little and little into others which grow bigger and as they approach the Convex side of the Liver where they join all together and make up one large Trunk which comes out of the Liver and divides into two great big branches one of which goes towards the Heart and forms the Trunk called Ascendens the other goes downwards and is called Descendens Both the one and the other lie upon the Body of the Vertebrae on the right side of the Porta The Vena Cava Ascendens goes to the Claviculae before it divides but as it ascends to them it casts out three branches on each side The Phrenica or Diaphragmatica the Coronaria and the Intercostalis Superior Besides these three it sends out the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Vena fine Pari on the right side only The Phrenica comes from the Cava where it pierces the Diaphragma upon which it is spread It casts some branches to the Pericardium and Mediastinum Some Authors think that 't is by this Vein that the Pus of an Empiema is carried to the Kidneys and Bladder
divides into several more branches The third is the Vena Spermatica of which we have already spoken The fourth is the Vena Lumbaris which is not always one but often two or three on each side which they divide into Superior and Inferior they are bestowed on the Muscles of the Loins and on the Peritonaeum They sometimes call the last branch of the Lumbaris Muscula Superior There are some Anatomists that have observed that there is a branch of the Lumbaris that enters the Cavity of the Vertebrae and which ascends to the Brain which gave them occasion to think against all probability that the seed descended by that Vein from the Brain A little below the Emulgents the great Artery goes above the Cava and then the Cava divides into two branches called Iliaci because they pass above the Ilia to go to the Thighs Near this Division they send out one or two branches called Venae Sacrae they go to the Medulla of the Os Sacrum Then the Venae Iliacae divide into two branches the one Internal the other External The Internal sends out two branches the Muscula Media which is spread thorow the Muscles of the Thigh the Hypogastrica which is sometimes double it 's spread about the Sphincter of the Anus wherefore 't is called their Haemorrhoidalis Externa The Hypogastrica is spread also upon the Body of the Bladder upon the Matrix and its Neck therefore some thought without ground that the Menstrual Blood was discharged by this Vein which comes only from the Arteries The External branch of the Iliacae sends out three branches two before it goes out of the Peritonaeum and the third after it goes out of it The first is the Vena Epigastrica which comes rarely from the Cruralis it goes to the Peritonaeum ascends to the Musculi Recti where it Rencontres the Mammariae with which it communicates by Anastomosis The second is the Vena Pudenda 't is spread upon the Parts of Generation The third is the Muscula Inferior it goes towards the Articulation of the Remur and is distributed to the Muscles of this Part. The Iliaca Exterior after it hath sent out all these branches takes the name Cruralis and then sends out six branches more The first is the Vena Saphena which goes down under the Skin along the inside of the Thigh and Leg accompanied with a Nerve which loses it self at the inner Ankle The Saphena turns towards the upper Part of the Foot where it gives several branches of which some go to the great Toe The second is the Iscias Minor this Vein is little 't is spent on the Muscles and Skin which are about the upper Joint of the Femur The third is the Muscula Externa because it goes to the External Muscles of the Thigh on the other side of the Cruralis just opposite to the beginning of this Vein there goes out another called Muscula Interna which goes to the Internal Muscles of the Thigh The fourth is the Poplitaea made of two different branches united together it goes straight down by the Ham to the Heel it lies pretty deep upon which account it can hardly be opened The branches which appear in this place are not of this Vein The fifth is the Suralis which is pretty big and which divides into two branches the one External which is least the other Internal which is biggest Each of these branches divide again into two more the one External the other Internal The Suralis distributes its branches upon the fat of the Leg and makes with the branches of the Poplitaea all those Plexus of Veins which are conspicuous on the upper Part of the Foot The sixth and last branch of the Cruralis is the Iscias major which goes also to the Muscles and fat of the Leg and is divided afterwards into several branches which are distributed to the Toes SECT X. Of the Lymphatick Vessels I Have referred the Lymphatick Vessels till now because they do not properly belong to any particular Part of the Body They are small and Pellucide Canals which carry a thin and clear Liquor from all the Parts of the Body towards the Heart They have a fine transparent Coat their Cavity is full of Valves which open towards the Heart and which shut towards the Extremities Of these Lymphatick Vesels some rise from the Viscera as the Liver Spleen Lungs c. and others from the Glands which are spread thorow all the Parts of the Body They have no common Trunk nor Receptacle but they discharge themselves into different Vessels as they are nearest to them viz. the Receptacle of the Chyle the Ductus Thoracicus and the Subclavian Axillary Jugular and other great Veins The Lympha which the Vessels contain comes from the Serosity of the Blood which is separate in the Glands Some Authors think that it comes also from the Succus Nervosus which is brought by the Nerves to the Glands it 's ordinarily clear and transparent but it changes its colour according as 't is tinctured by the Chyle Bile Blood and other Humours 'T is insipid of it self but sometimes 't is acid salt or bitter It coagulates sometimes by the mixture of Liquors and dissolution of Salts as the Serosity of the Blood and when it 's dryed it has a particular Smell If you examine it Chymically you may draw from it much volatile but no fixt Salt some Phlegm and Sulphur and a little Earth Acids coagulate it and Volatile Spirits dissolve it The Lympha serves to liquisie the Chyle and Blood that thereby they may the more easily move Some think it serves to nourish and augment the Body But if we consider its Nature and the Parts it discharges it self into 't is more probable that 't is a proper Menstruum for the last and finest dissolution of the Chyle It hinders the dissipation of the Spirits it helps to make Fermentations it temperates the Acrimony of the Bile and Acids it dissolves Salts The breaking of the Lymphatick Vessels is often the cause of Dropsies SECT XI Of the Arteries in General WIllis hath demonstrated that the Arteries have four Coats as well as the Veins The first is thin and nervous its inner is woven of little Veins Arteries and Nerves whose Extremities terminate in the other Coats The second Coat adheres to the first in it there are an infinite number of little white Glands The third is musculous made of many Spiral Fibres which are close to one another The fourth and last is a Coat whose Fibres are in a straight Line The Blood which is necessary for the nourishment of these Coats is brought to them by the little Arteries and that which remains is brought back by the Veins the Serosity is separated by the Glands and the Animal Spirits are brought by the Nerves to the muscular Fibres of the Coats for the assisting the Pulse of the Arteries The beating of the Arteries as well as that of the Heart is nothing else
the middle This Muscle reâ—â—ives a twig of a Nerve from the Interâ—â—stals at each of its Digitations Obliquus internus The second Pair is the Obliquus ascenâ—â—ens or Internus whose Fibres are dispoâ—â—d in a contrary manner crossing the â—â—ormer obliquely they arise with a â—â—rge and fleshy beginning from the Circumference of the Ilium from the Os Pubis Above they are fixed to the Cartilaginous Part of the false Ribâ— and they are inserted all along the Linea alba The third Pair is the Transversalis it lies under the two former Transversalis it arise from the Cartilago Xiphoides from the Extremities of the false Ribs from the transverse Apophises of the Vertebrae 〈◊〉 the Loins itâ—s fixed to the inner side 〈◊〉 the Spine of the Ilium and is inserted 〈◊〉 the Os Pubis and Linea alba These three Muscles unite their Tendons as they approach the Linea alba they are pierced in the middle of the Linea alba for the Passage of the Umbilical Vessels They are also pierceâ— above the Os Pubis for the Passage of the Spermatick Vessels in Men and the round Ligaments of the Womb in Women These holes are not opposed to one another that which is in the Transversal is highest that in the Obliquus ascendens is a little lower and that iâ— the Obliquus descendens lowest It is thiâ— last which is only cut in the Operation of the Bubonocele it has a fine and thiâ— Membrane that closes exactly its ring 〈◊〉 hole through which the Vessels pass The fourth Pair which is covered with the Aponeurosis of the Obliqui Rectus is the Musculus Rectus it arises from the Sternum the Extremity of the last true Rib from the Cartilago Xiphoides and goes straight down the middle of the Abdomen to be inserted in the Os Pubis This Muscle has three or four Innervations which when the Muscle acteth serve to render the compression equal which otherwise would be all in the middle It has Veins and Arteries which creep on its inside from the Mammillary and the Epigastrick Vessels which are supposed to have Communication that the Blood may return by the Mammillary Veins when the Passage is stopt by the Epigastrick which are compressed in Women big with Child The fifth Pair is the Pyramidalis Pyramidalis so called because of their Figure they rise with a fleshy beginning from the outer and upper part of the Os Pubis and growing narrower and narrower are inserted into the Linea alba sometimes near to the Navel Sometimes one and sometimes both of these Muscles are wanting The use of these Muscles The Use of all the Muscles of the Lower Belly is to compress all the Parts that it contains for the filtration and distribution of the Chyle for the expulsion of the Excrements all of them help the expiration by making the Diaphragma mount up and the Obliqui help to pull down the Ribs for the contracting of the Thorax they help to bend the Trunk forwards By the admirable Contrivance of their Fibres decussating one another every point of the Lower Belly is sufficiently compress'd so 〈◊〉 that the Intestines can slip no where from the Compression SECT III. Of the Peritonaeum It s Description AFter the Muscles of the Lower Belly are raised comes the Peritonaum It is a thin and soft Membrane which encloses all the Bowels contained in the Lower Belly covering all the inside of its Cavity It s external Superficies is unequal where it adheres to the transverse Muscles The Internal is very smooth and polish'd It has a number of small Glands that separate a Liquor which supples the Intestines and facilitates their motion When these Glands are obstructed the Peritonaeum grows thick as may be seen in several Dropsies The upper Part of this Membrane covers the Midriff to which it closely adheres the forepart of it sticks to the Transverse Muscles and Linea alba the lower part of it to the Os Pubis and the back part of it to the Os Sacrum and Vertebrae of the Loins 'T is a double Membrane and contains in its Duplicatures the Umbilical Vessels the Bladder the Ureters the Kidneys and Spermatick Vessels to all which it gives a Membrane as also to the Liver Spleen Stomach Intestines and Womb. Its Productions It s external Membrane has two Productions like to two Sheaths which pass thorow the rings of the oblique and transverse Muscles in the Groin for the passage of the Spermatick Vessels in Men and for the round Ligaments of the Womb in Women These Productions being come to the Testicles in Men dilate and form the Tunica Vaginalis Its Vessels The Peritoraum has Veins and Arteries from the Phraenicâ—e from the Mammillary the Epigastnick and often from the Spermaticks Its Nerves are of those which are distributed in the Muscles of the Abdoman By the elasticity of its Fibres it easily dilates and contracts in respiration and conception If it breaks it causes a Rupture either in the Groin or Navel It s Use is to contain the Bowels of the Abdomen and to give each of them an outer coat SECT IV. Of the Navel THE Navel is a knot in the middle of the Abdomen made by the Union of the Umbilical Vessels which are cut after the Birth of the Foetus These Vessels are the Umbilical Vein which goes from the Navel by the fissure of the Liver to the Vena Porta the two Umbilical Arteries which pass by the sides of the Bladder to the Iliack Arteries the Vrachus which goes betwixt the two Arteries to the bottom of the Bladder these Vessels turn dry after the Child is Born being of no use They are all contained betwixt the doubling of the Peritoneaum We shall speak of them more after wards SECT V. Of the Omentum THE Omentum otherwise called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in English Caul lies under the Peritonaeum above the Intestines 't is composed of two very fine Membranes betwixt which its Vessels Fat and Glands are contained At one Extremity it is tied to the hollow side of the Liver to the backside of the Duodenum to that part of the Colon that lies under the Stomach It s Description to the Back and Spleen from thence descending below the Navel it turns up again and ascends as high as the Stomach where it s other Extremity is again tied to the hollow side of the Liver to the forepart of the Duodenum and Pylorus to the bottom of the Stomach and to the Spleen so that it resembles an Apron whose end is turned up as high as the Girdle Sometimes it descends as low as the Os Pubis which with the Dilatations of the Productions of the Peritonaeum causes an Epiplocele Its Vessels The Gaul receives Veins from the Porta which are the Gastro-epiplois dextra smistra and the Epiploioae Arteries from the Coeliaca and Mesenterica and Nerves from the Intercostal Which Vessels
and another to separate this and so on ad infinitum Besides it is impossible That any Liquor can lie in any particular place as the Ferments are supposed to be through which other Liquors run continually and not be carried away with the moving Liquors Upon these Considerations the Learned Bellinus in his Treatise De motu Cordis Bilis thinks That the Air might be this Ferment But besides that it may be doubted whether there is any Air in the Blood or not it will be hard to conceive how the same Ferment and the same Structure of Glands can separate different forts of Liquors in the several Parts of the Body But I wish he had been more particular and explained his Opinion more fully Those who maintain that the Glands have Pores or Cavities of different Figures say that none but Bodies of such Figures can enter them and therefore such and such Liquors are always separated in such and such Glands But if they did consider that Liquors are Susceptible of all Figures and that membranous Tubes will yield to any Figure and that all Bodies of a lesser Diameter than that of the Gland may pass through they would have little reason to be of this Opinion Those who think that the Glands differ only in magnitude say That only Liquors of such and such Magnitudes can pass through such and such Glands have no reason to brag of it for if the Bile is made of Parts which are bigger than those of the Urine and the Parts of the Urine bigger than those of the Spittle then the Spittle may pass where the Urine passes and both may pass through the Glands of the Liver Besides there is no Liquor which has not smaller and greater Parts so that Parts of the grossest Liquors would be found separate in the finest Glands It were tedious to run over all the Opinions which are published upon this Subject The Ingenious Dr. Cockburn has given us one in his Oeconomia Animalis drawn from the different Velocities of the Blood which certainly ought to be considered in this Affair SECT XI Of the Pancreas and Succus Pancreaticus Of the Pancreas THE Pancreas or Sweet-bread is a Gland of the Conglomerate sort being composed of a number of Glands all wrapt up in one common Membrane It is situated betwixt the bottom of the Stomach and the Vertebrae of the Loins it lies across the Abdomen reaching from the Cavity of the Liver to the Spleen it 's strongly tied to the Peritonaeum It weighs commonly four or five Ounces It is about six fingers breadth long two broad and one thick It s Substance is a little soft and supple every little Gland has a small excretory Vessel which uniting all together form one common Duct about the bigness of a Quill clear and transparent like to a Lymphatick Vessel Of the Ductus Pancreaticus this Duct runs all along the middle of the Pancreas and opens into the Cavity of the Duodenum at its lower end where there is a little Caruncle at its Orifice Sometimes it joins the Ductus communis Cholidochus and then both open at one Orifice into the Duodenum This Canal was first found by Virtsungus and is called Ductus Pancreaticus Virtsungi Of the Vessels of the Pancreas The Pancreas has Veins from the Splenick branch Arteries from the Caeliack Nerves from the Intercostal It s use is to separate a Liquor not acid but of the same Nature as the Saliva for the further Concoction and Chylification of the Aliments SECT XII Of the Liver and Gall Bladder It s Situation THE Liver lies under the right Hypochondâ—ium It s Convex and upper side reaches a little beyond the Cartilago Xiphoides and touches the Diaphragma its Concave and under side covers the Pylorus and part of the Stomach As also a part of the Colon all the Duodenum a part of the Jejunum and of the Omentum When we stand its Extremity goes near to the Navel It s Figure The Liver is almost round and pretty thick It s upper side is Convex smooth and equal the other side is Concave but not so equal In its middle and forepart it is divided into two by a fissure where the Umbilical Vessels enter The Gall-bladder is fastened to it s under side where there are three Eminences that the Ancients called Portae of which one passes for a little Lobe When it is full of Blood it is of a dark red colour when the Blood is washed out of it 't is pale and soft It s Connexion It is fastned in the Body by three Ligaments The first ties it to the Diaphragma from which it comes and penetrates the Substance of the Liver into the Capsula of the Porta where it is join'd by the Umbilical Vein The second is the Umbilical Vein it comes from the Navel and enters by the great Fissure of the Liver to join the Porta After the Birth it degenerates into a Ligament but is of little use for the fastening the Liver The third is slack but strong it comes from the Common Membrane of the Liver and is tied to the Xiphonoid Cartilage It s Membrane 'T is covered with a common Membrane from the Peritonaeum besides that every Lobe and Gland has its proper Membrane It s Substance The common Membrane of the Liver being raised its Substance appears which is composed of several Lobes of Glands of a Conick figure not easily to be distinguished in the Liver of Men. These Lobes are disposed all along the sides of each branch of the Vessels in the Liver they are every one covered with a proper Membrane and tied to one another by other Membranes in such a manner as that they leave also little Intervals betwixt them which are more visible in Fish and other imperfect Animals Every Lobe receives small Vessels and tho' we cannot see where they end yet we may presume that they go to the little Glands of which each Lobe is composed Its Vessels The Vessels of the Liver are the Vena Cava and the Porta They are accompanied with many small branches of the Arteries which come from the Coeliack and Mesenterica Superior which two bring the Blood for the nourishment of the Liver The Porta brings the Blood full of Bile for Secretion and the Cava carries back the Blood that remains from both The Vena Porta and the Cava enter the Liver by its Concave side and are equally distributed thorow all its Substance where ever there is a branch of the one there is a branch of the other so that each Lobe and each Gland in the Love whether on the Convex or Concave side receive the same Vessels The Vena Porta discharges by the extremity of its branches the Blood as yet full of Bile into the little Glands which form the Lobes of which the Parenchyma of the Liver is composed where being separated from the Bile which is taken up by the
Spleen is not only kept together by its common Membranes but also by innumerable Fibres which come from the Points of the internal Membrane and are inserted in the Points of the opposite side of the same Membrane the Expansion of the Extremity of these Fibres seem to compose the Internal Membrane Of the Substance of the Spleen The Substance of the Spleen is composed of an Infinity of Membranes which form little Cells and Cavities of different figures and bigness which communicate with one another and which are full of little Glands The Membranes which form these Cells come from the Internal Membrane of the Spleen but Malpighius thinks rather from the Sinus Venosus by which they all communicate not only at the Extremities of the Capillary branches but also at some small holes which are in the Trunk and great branches of this Vein which open immediately into the Cells these Membranes are nourished by the Capillary Arteries which frequently make small Plexus upon them Of its Glands These membranous Cells are full of small Glands of an Oval figure a soft substance and a white colour They seem to be hollow in the middle There are seven or eight of them together which hang at the Extremities of the Nerves and Arteries as so many little Grapes Of its Veins The Spleen has Nerves Veins and Arteries which no sooner enter its Substance than they are received in one common Capsula which contains not only their great Trunks but all their branches This Capsula is thick in that side that the Nerves and Arteries lie on but thin and liker a Net than a Membrane on the side that the Vein lies on The Splenick Vein comes from the Porta before it enters the Spleen it has two Coats the inner fine and thin the outer strong and thick which goes no further than the internal Membrane of the Spleen with which it unites This Vein is divided into three or four branches each of which send out others at a certain distance by two and two and all these end in the Cells of the Spleen In its great branches on the opposite side to that whereon the Arteries and Nerves lie there are many little holes which open immediately into the Cells as we have said before it is not the same in the Arteries The Splenick Artery comes from the Coeliaca Arteries As soon as it enters the Spleen it is divided into as many branches as the Vein which it accompanies thorow all its Substance and its Capillary branches terminate in the Cells and Glands The Nerves are two from the Plexus Splenicus Nerves they accompany the Arteries with which they are included in a particular Capsule which comes from the common Capsule they inosculate several times and form a sort of Net upon their particular Capsule The use of the Spleen The true use of the Spleen is yet unknown The Ancients thought that it was the receptacle of the Melancholick humour some considering that in the Spleen there are a great number of Membranes and Fibres and also many Nerves think that the Blood is attenuated and becomes more spirituous in the Spleen and considering that the most of the Blood in the Liver comes immediately from the Spleen and Omentum they think that the one furnishes the Oleaginous the other the Spirituous part of the Bile This Opinion seems pretty probable but then to what end are the Glands in the Spleen others therefore to give an use to the Glands think that they separatâ— a Liquor from the Nerves and Arterial Blood which is carried by the Porta to the Liver But then to what end is a Liquor separated from the Blood to be immediately mixt with it again Nature has given to the Glands every where else their proper Excretory Vessels by which we know their several uses and till we discover those of the Spleen it 's probable we shall be ignorant of its true use SECT XIV Of the Kidneys Glandulae Renales Vreters and Bladder Of the number and figura of the Kidney THE Kidneys are two in Number one on each side they have the same figure as the Kidney-beans their length is four or five fingers breadth their breadth is three and their thickness two the right is under the Liver and the left under the Spleen In a foetus their External Substance is divided into several Lobes join'd together which in Adults become more close therefore their Superficies is equal and smooth they have two Membranes the one common from the Peritonaeum the other proper they are ordinarily covered with much Fat their colour is a dark red Of their Vessels We observe in the Kidneys Lymphatick Vessels which discharge themselves into Pecquet's Reservatory Nerves which come from the Intercostals Veins from the Cava Arteries from the Aorta These Veins and Arteries are called Emulgents they enter the Reins by their Concave sides which lies nearest the Cava and Aorta included in one Capsule and are divided into several branches which surround the Pelvis These branches are again divided into an infinity of others less which go to the external Part of the Reins where they join by several Anastomoses and form a sort of Net from which their Extremities coming terminate in an infinity of little Glands Their Substance These Glands are of a round figure they compose the outer Substance of the Reins which is half a finger thick From each of them there goes a long and small Tube these Tubes compose the inner Substance of the Reins As they approach the Pelvis or Bason they gather together in little bundles whose Extremities piercing the Membrane of the Pelvis form those little Protuberances on the inside of the Pelvis called Papillae Of the Pelvis The Pelvis or Bason is a Cavity in the middle of the Kidneys covered with a Membrane which is a dilation of the Ureters and from the External side of this Membrane go several membranous Appendices towards the External Substance of the Kidneys In their way they form a sort of Net-work which divide the Urinary Tubes into bundles and which make a sort of Capsula to the Blood Vessels The use of the Kidneys The use of the Reins is to separate the Urine from the Blood which by the motion of the Heart and Arteries is thrust into the Emulgent branches which carry it to the little Glands in which the Serosity being separated is received by the Orifice of the little Tubes which go from the Glands to the Pelvis from whence it runs by the Ureters into the Bladder The Blood which was carried into the Glands and which could not enter their excretory Tubes is brought back by the emulgent Veins Of the Glandulae Renales In the middle between the Aorta and the Kidneys a little above the emulgent Vessels are situated the Glandulae Renales or Capsulae Atrabilares They are two in number one on each side wrapt up in some Fat
up in the act of Generation Of the Albuginea The Second is that which covers immediately the Testicles It is called Albuginea because of its white colour It is strong and thick very smooth and equal the Coats of the Vasa Praeparantia are united to it Of the Substance of the Testicles The Substance of the Testicles which formerly was thought to be a sort of Marrow is nothing but the folding of several small Vessels which have no conspicuous Cavity disposed in such a manner that if they could be separate from one another without breaking them they might be drawn out to a great length These Foldings are separate from one another by thin Membranes which come from the inner side of the Albuginea At the end of the Testicles Of the Epididymiâ— they send out six or seven small Vessels which piercing the Tunica Albuginea unite into one Canal which by several turnings and windings upon the upper part of the Testicles forms this Body which we call Epididymis They are covered with a thin Production of the Albuginea The same Canal continuing and ascending from the Extremity of the Epididymedes Of the Vasa Deferentia forms the Vasa Deferentia or Jaculatoria one from each Epididymis about the bigness of a Goose-quill with a conspicuous Cavity as they ascend within the Tunica Vaginalis they make several Serpentine turnings and windings then they enter by the holes of the transverse and oblique Muscles into the Abdomen and marching over the Ureters between the backside of the Bladder and the Rectum they grow larger as they approach the Vesiculae seminales which discharge their humour into them where they come close to one another and growing again smaller and smaller they pass thorow the Prostatae and open into the Vrethra a little below the Neck of the Bladder where each Orifice has a spongious border which hinders the involuntary running of the Seed they may sometimes be mistaken by Surgeons for a Carnosity of the Yard The Spermatick Arteries carry the Blood from the Aorta to the Testicles which separate that Part of it which is fit for Seed The Veins carry back to the Cava what Blood remains after the Secretion of the Seed and the Nourishment of the Parts The Seed is further purified in the Epididymides and in coition is carried by the Vasa Deferentia into the Vrethra Of the Vesicuâ—â—e Seminales The Vesiculae Seminales are two in Number one on each side situated betwixt the Bladder and the straight Gut tied to the one and the other by a Membrane of fleshy Fibres which in time of Coition swells and presses the Vesiculae They are covered with a a pretty thin Membrane upon which do creep many branches of Veins Arteries Nerves and Lymphaticks Their External Surface resembles that of the Intestines of a little Bird which in some places of their Circumvolitions are broad in others narrow they are about three fingers breadth long their broadest part is about an inch from which they grow narrower by little and little to their end which is next the Prostatae They have two considerable Cavities divided into membranous Cells which open distinctly by two Orifices which are in their small Extremities into the two Vasa Deferentia into which they discharge a pretty thick and clear humour which embraces the true Seed which comes from the Testicles Of the Prostatae The Prostatae or Corpus Glandulosum is situated at the Neck of the Bladder covered with a Membrane made of muscular Fibres as that of the Vesiculae and for the same use It is about the bigness of a Walnut the Vasa Deferentia pass thorow its Substance which is Vesicular and Glandulous full of an oleaginous and viscous humour which is carried into the beginning of the Vrethra by eight or nine excretory Ducts which open about the Orifices of the Vasa Deferentia the border of their Orifices is also spongious to hinder a continual running of this humour The Prostatae have Veins Arteries Nerves and Lymphaticks They are the Seat of the Gonorrhaea's for it the morbifick Matter fixes in them it enflames corrodes and ulcerates them from whence there is a continual running of purulent Matter Of the Yard The shape figure and dimensions of the Yard are well enough known It is covered with the Skin and Scarf-skin The Skin at the end of the Yard folds in and forms a Hood to the Glans called Praeputium which is fixed to the lower part of the Glans by a little Ligament called Fraenum The Substance of the Yard is composed of two nervous Bodies called Corpora Cavernosa they arise at two different places from the lower part of the Os Pubis a little from their root they come close together being only divided by a Membrane which at its beginning is pretty thick but as it approaches the end of the Yard it grows thinner and thinner and the two nervous Bodies terminate in the Balanus The External Substance of these nervous Bodies is hard firm close and nervous the Internal is membranous loose and spongious full of Veins and Arteries Of the Balanus The Balanus or Glans is only a continuation of the soft and spongious Internal Substance of the two nervous Bodies covered immediately with a thin Membrane which is a Dilatation of the Internal Membrane of the Vrethra About the Crown of the Glans where the Praeputium is contiguous to it there are several small Glands which lie under its thin Membrane they separate a whitish humour for the moistening the Balanus In a Phimosis this humour not only hardens but may grow acid and ulcerate the Glans Of the Urethra The Vrethra is a Conduit which reaches from the neck of the Bladder to the end of the Yard in the middle and lower part of the two nervous Bodies It s Substance is externally hard and internally spongious like that of the nervous Bodies except a little at the neck of the Bladder which is membranous With in its Cavity is covered with a thin and exquisite Membrane in which some have observed several Glands which separate a Liquor for preserving it against the Acrimony of the Urine Of the Vessels of the Yard The Yard has a small Ligament which arises from its back a little distance from its root which ties it to the upper part of the Os Pubis that it may not hang too low It receives two branches of Veins and Arteries from the Hypogastrick Vessels besides others from the Pudenda they are distributed thorow all the body of the Yard particularly thorow the spongious Part of the Corpora Cavernosa and Vrethra The two Veins unite near its roots and form one trunk which runs along the upper side of the Yard It has two Nerves from the Os Sacrum and several Lymphaticks which empty themselves into the Inguinal Glands Of its Muscles and Erection The Yard has two pair of Muscles The First
into the Ventricles of the Heart Of the Ventricles of the Heart In the Heart there are two Cavities or Ventricles which answer to the two Ears one on each side the sides of these Cavities are very unequal full of Fibres and little fleshy Productions long and round of a different Figure and bigness called Columnae or Pillars Betwixt these Fibres there are several furrows in the sides of the Ventricles especially in the left Ventricle they are deeper and larger they contribute much to the close contraction of the Ventricles And because the side of the right Ventricle is much thinner than the left therefore there are often two or three fleshy Fibres which come from the middle Partition to its opposite side to hinder it from dilating too much The right Ventricle seemeth wider than the left which is longer and narrower than the right and its sides stronger and thicker The two Ventricles are separated by the Septum Medium which is properly the inside of the left Ventricle being its Fibres are continued with the Fibres of the opposite side of the same Ventricle The Vessels which enter and come out of the Heart are the Vena Cava the Arteria and Vena Pulmonaria and the Aorta or Arteria Magna Of the right Ventricle and of its Valves The right Ventricle receives the Blood from the Vena Cava thorow the right Ear and at the mouth of the Ventricle there are placed three Valves made of a thin Membrane they are of a triangular Figure and are called Tricuspides their bases are fixed to the mouth of the Ventricle and their Points tied by small Fibres to the fleshy Productions so that when the Heart contracts its Point approaches its basis the fleshy Productions move upwards therefore the Fibres of these Valves are relaxed and the Valves lifted up by the Blood which gets underneath them because the furrows and fleshy Productions keeping the Valves at a little distance from the sides of the Ventricle give way to the Blood to pass under them and so to thrust up the Valves which shut so closely the entry into the Ventricle that the Blood cannot return the way it came in But when the Ventricle is dilated the Fibres are pulled down and the Passage made open for the Blood to enter Of the Valves of the Arteria Pulmonaria When the Heart contracts the Valves being lifted up the Blood in the right Ventricle finds an open Passage into the Arteria Pulmonaria which rises immediately out of the right Ventricle its Mouth is less than the Cava it has three Valves called Segmoidales or Semi-lunares because they resemble a Half-Moon or Segment of a circle their Substance is membranous When they separate they give passage to the Blood from the Ventricle into the Artery but they shut the Passage and are thrust together by the Blood if it endeavours to return Of the Valves of the left Ventricle The Vena Pulmonaria discharges it self thorow the left Ear into the Ventricle of the same side At the Orifice of this Ventricle there are two Valves called Mitrales because when they are joined together they resemble a Mitre they are broader than the other Valves they are situated and have the same use as the Tricuspides in the right Ventricle Of the Valves of the Aorta The Aorta or great Artery rises immediately out of the left Ventricle it has three Valves which have the same Use and Figure as the Semi-lunares in the Arteria Pulmonaria Of the Substance of the Heart and of the order of its Fibres The Heart is a compound Muscle its Substance is made of Fibres of the same Nature as those of other Muscles there are several Orders of them which have different Directions and all their Tendons are in the basis of the Heart The First or External Order is of Fibres which surround the whole Heart they go in an Oblique or Spiral Line from the left to the right except on the Surface of the right side some of its finest Fibres go in a straight Line from the basis to the Point The Second or next order surrounds also the whole heart they have a contrary Direction which is from the right to the left in an Oblique or Spiral Line The next Orders are only proper to the left Ventricle The first which is on the external side of the Ventricle goes in an Oblique Line from the left to the right The second Order is on the inside or that which makes the Septum Medium or Partition Wall of the Ventricles they go in an Oblique Line from the right to the left and they are continued with the foregoing Fibres at the Point of the Heart All these Orders of Fibres come together as to one common Centre at the Point of the Heart But Obs That all the Fibres of the same Order do not always go from the basis to the Point for some after they have gone about half way obliquely from the one side turn up obliquely and are inserted in the basis on the other side Neither do all the Fibres in the same order keep together for some intermix with the Fibres of the next Order so in separating these Orders many Fibres are broken Some of the Fibres in the internal Orders proper to the left Ventricle terminate in the fleshy Productions of the same Ventricle The Bone which is found in the basis of the Hearts of several Beasts is nothing but the tendons of the Fibres of the Heart ossifyed it is sometimes found in Men. Of the Systole and Diastole of the Heart This Muscle has two Motions which they call Systole and Diastole The Systole is when the Fibres of the Heart contract its Point approaches its basis the Heart becomes short its sides swell and its Cavities are strongly pressed on all sides The Diastole is when this Muscle ceaseth to act its Fibres are lengthened its Point retires from its basis its sides fall and its Cavities become large and wide Of the Circulation of the Blood thorow the Heart Having described the Heart and its Parts let us now consider the Circulation of the Blood which is performed by means of this Muscle the Vena Cava Ascendens and Descendens unite in one and open into the right Ear where they unite there is a little Protuberance made by their Coats on the inside of the Canal like an Isthmus which directs the Blood both of the one and the other into the Ear and so hinders them from rushing upon one another The right Ear in its Diastole receives the Blood from the Vena Cava which by its Systole is thrust into the right Ventricle for the tendinous Circle which is at the Mouth of the Cava contracts and hinders the Blood to return into it which at the same time is in its Diastole in the Systole of the right Ventricle the Blood is thrust into the Arteria Pulmonaria for it cannot return into the Ear
of all the Membranes of the Body Of the Dura Mater The Dura Mater is a strong and thick Membrane which covers all the Cavity of the Cranium it contains the whole Brain somewhat loosely that the Vessels which run between its Duplicature and upon the Surface of the Brain be not too much press'd by the Cranium it sticks very close to the basis of the Cranium and to its Sutures by the Fibres and Vessels it sends to the Pericranium it is fastened to the Pia Mater and to the Brain by the Vessels which pass from the one to the other It gives a Coat or Covering to all the Nerves which rise from the Brain to the Spinalis Medulla and to all the Nerves which rise from it It s Surface is rough towards the Cranium but smooth towards the Brain It is a double Membrane woven of strong Fibres which may be plainly seen on its inside but very hardly on its outside next the Cranium Of its Processes The Dura Mater hath three Processes made by the doubling of its inner Membrane The First rises by a narrow beginning from the Crista Galli to which it is fastened and as it approaches the hindhead it grows broader and broader till it terminate where the Longitudinal Sinus ends It divides the Cerebrum into two Hemispheres as deep as the Corpus Callosum It resembles a Sickle therefore it is called Falx The Second separates the Cerebrum from the Cerebellum down to the Medulla Oblongata that the weight of the Cerebrum may not offend the Cerebellum which lies under it This Process is very strong and thick and in ravenous Beasts 't is for the most part bony because of the violent motion of their Brain The Third is the smallest it separates the external Substance of the hindpart of the Cerebellum into two Protuberances and upon it Mons Du Venney's fifth Sinus runs Of the Sinus's of the Dura Mater In the Dura Mater there are several Sinus's or Channels which run between its external and internal Membrane of these there are four principal ones which are commonly described First of the Longitudinalis The First is the Sinus Longitudinalis it rises from the blind hole in the upper Part of the Crista Galli it runs along the upper Part of the Falx and ends where it ends it lies exactly under the Sutura Sagittalis Into this Sinus the Veins of the Brain and some of the proper Veins of the Dura Mater bring back the Blood which they receive from the Arteries Of these Veins some running obliquely from the forepart of the Brain backwards and others contrary from the hindpart forward creep a little space between the Duplicature of the Membrane as the Ureters do upon the Bladder and so they open in the Sinus In this Sinus there are several small Cells and round Ligaments which go from one side of the Cavity to the other These by their Elasticity retard or further the Motion of the Blood The Second and Third Sinus's Laterales which this Sinus pours into are the Laterales they rise from the end of the first into which they open and going down upon the sides of the Occipital Bone in a crooked way they pass thorow the same hole with the eighth Pair of Nerves and discharge themselves into the internal Jugulars into these Sinus's some Veins and the other Sinus's discharge themselves Of the Fourth Sinus The Fourth Sinus runs upon the broad Extremity of the Falx and opens where the Lateral Sinus's join the Longitudinal This meeting of the four Sinus's is called Torcular It receives the Blood at its other Extremity from a Vein of the Plexus Choroides Besides these there are Six more which have been described by several Anatomists Of the Sinus Superiores The first two are called Superiores they rise from the hinder Processes of the Sella Turcica or from the circular Sinus's of Doctor Ridley and run along the upper Part of the internal Processes of the Os Petrosum then descending they open into the Laterales Of the Inferiores There are two more called Inferiores they rise from the same place with the other two and running upon the Union of the Os Petrosum with the Occipital they open into the Laterales just as they are going out of the Skull A fifth Sinus There is a Fifth which the curious M. Du Verney demonstrates it runs upon the third Process of the Dura Mater and divides into two branches of which one opens into the Laterales and the other into the Sinus Vertebrales The exact Anatomist Doctor Ridley Of the Circular Sinus in his Treatise of the Brain gives account of a Sixth which he calls the Circular Sinus because it surrounds the Glandula Pituitaria it communicates with the two Superiores and Inferiores Of three other Sinus's Vezal hath remarked a Sinus which runs along the bottom of the Falx and which opens into the Fourth Sinus this is called by M. Du Verney Longitudinalis Inferior There are two more situated at the second Process of the Dura Mater one on each side they are about an inch wide from the Laterales into which they open but these three do not always appear The Vse of the Sinus's The Use of these Sinus's is to receive the Blood of the adjacent Parts from the Veins to which they are as so many Trunks which discharge the Blood into the internal Jugulars Of the Vessels of the Dura Mater The Vessels of the Dura Mater are first a branch from the Carotidals whilst it is in its long Canal which is dispersed in the fore and lower Part of the Dura Mater Secondly An Artery with a branch of the internal Jugular Vein which enter the hole of the Cranium called Foramen Arteriae Durae Matris they are dispersed on the sides of the Membrane and run as high as the Sinus Longitudinalis Thirdly a branch of the Vertebral Artery and Vein which passes thorow that hole where the Lateral Sinus's join the Jugulars they are dispersed in the hind part of the Dura Mater The Blood which is brought by the Arteries is carried back by the Veins which go out at the same holes by which the Arteries enter but in case the swelling of the Arteries by a preternatural Fermentation of the Blood should compress the Veins as they go out of the Skull which might easily happen being it has more Arteries than Veins therefore there are several other Veins which inosculate with the Arteries and which carry the Blood from them into two small Veins which are on the sides of the Longitudinal Sinus 't is these Veins which open into this Sinus that the Blood which was stopt the other way may have a free Circulation this way as has been ingeniously observed by Dr. Ridley It hath also Nerves from the first branch of the fifth Pair which give it an exquisite sense It has a motion of
forepart there is a hole that goes down to the Glandula Pituitaria this hole is the entry to the infundibulum or Funnel Of the Infundibulum so called because of its Figure It is a small Conduit made of the Medullary Substance covered with the Pia Mater it pierces the Dura Mater upon the basis of the Skull and sinks into the Substance of Of the Glandula Pituitaria The Glandula Pituitaria which is situated in the Sella Turcica closely covered with the Pia and Dura Mater it is of a harder Substance than the other Glands of the Body it receives the end of the Infundibulum which is supposed to carry a Liquor from the Ventricles into this Gland Of the Rete Mirabile The Rete Mirabile is situated round this Gland it is composed of Nerves from the fifth Pair of Veins from the internal Jugulars and Arteries from the Carotides and Cervical It was commonly thought to be only in Beasts but Dr. Ridley has discovered it also in Man tho' it be less in him than in other Creatures It s use is said to be to discharge the Serosity of the Blood which might hinder the Production of fine Animal Spirits into the Glandula Pituitaria which cannot be because the Blood which is separate from this Serosity goes not to the Brains but is carried back immediately by the Veins Of the Anus But to return to the third Ventricle in its hinder Part there is another small hole called Anus which leads into the fourth Ventricle in the Cerebellum In the upper Part of this hole is situated the Glandula Pinealis Glandula Pinealis Des Cartes pretended Seat of the Soul about the bigness of a Pease and seems to have the same use as other Glands it is tied by some Fibres to the Of the Nates Nates which are two Prominences of the Medulla Oblongata situated above the fore-part of that Conduit which leads from the Anus to the fourth Ventricle they are of an Oval Figure pretty big and immediately behind them are two other Prominences of the same Figure and Substance called Testes both covered with a Net of Blood-Vessels Testes There is a small transverse Medullary Protuberance behind the Testes from which the Pathetick Nerves rise The Conduit which reaches from the Anus to the fourth Ventricle placne = marg Isthmus is in that Part of the Medulla Oblongata which is betwixt the Cerebrum and the Cerebellum called the Isthmus The upper Part or Cover of this Conduit which is betwixt the Testes and the foremost vermicular Process of the Cerebellum to which two it is tied at its two ends and to the Processes that come from the Cerebellum to the Testes Valvula major at its sides is called Valvula Major 't is of a Medullary Substanceâ— its use is to keep the Lympha from falling out above the Nerves in thâ— basis of the Skull These are all the Parts belonging to the Cerebrum Of the Cerebellum Now the Cerebellum which is much less is also composed of a Cortical and Medullary Substance its Superficies makes not turnings and windings as that of the Cerebrum but its foldings are straight and they resemble the Segments of Circles or the edges of Plates laid on one another and these Segments are largest in its middle and they grow less as they approach its fore and hind Part where they seem to resemble too Worms Processus Vermiformes therefore called Processus Vermiformes The Medullary Substance of the Cerebellum as it approaches the Medulla Oblongata gathers together and then divides equally into two bundles which are joined to the two sides of the Medulla Oblongata as they separate they leave a little space upon the upper side of the Medulla which is called the Fourth Ventricle and its further end Of the fourth Ventricle because of its resemblance Calamus Scriptorius The top of this Ventricle is covered with several Blood-Vessels woven like a Net Of the Processes of the Cerebellum The Medullary Substance of the Cerebellum makes three Processes upon each side of the Medulla Oblongata The first two go on each side of it to the Testes the Valvula Major is betwixt them The second two are pretty broad they go straight down on each side and meet on the under side of the Medulla they make that Protuberance called Processus Annularis Processus Annularis and the Third goes backwards upon the upper sides of the Medulla they make it look bigger being like two Cords upon its sides This is all that is remarkable in the Cerebrum Cerebellum and upper side of the Medulla Oblongata But if you turn over the Brain you may see distinctly the rise of all the Nerves the Infundibulum the Crura Medullae Oblongatae one on each side of the Cerebrum where they join you may see the Processus Annularis and beyond that there are two Prominences called Corpora Pyramidalia Corpora Pyramidalia and Olivaria they are about an inch long and on each side of them towards their lower end there are two more which because of their figure are called Corpora Olivaria and then the Medulla Oblongata goes out of the Skull being contained in the Pia and Dura Mater Observe that the Medulla Oblongata with all the Protuberances which are upon its upper and lower sides are not purely of the Medullary Substance but internally they are mix'd with the Cortical and it is this mixture which makes that they call Striae to which they have given different imaginary Uses according to their different Positions Now the Vessels of the Brains are Nerves Veins and Arteries The Nerves are ten Pair The first Pair are the Olfactory Nerves they rise from the basis of the Corpora Striata and pass thorow the holes of the Os Cribriforme The second Pair are the Optick Nerves they rise partly from the Extremities of the Corpora Striata and partly from the Thalami Nervorum Opticorum which they almost embrace they unite together above the Cella Turcica and immediately dividing again they pass thorow the two foremost holes in the Os Sphaenoides The third Pair are Movers of the Eyes they rise on each side of the Infundibulum from the Medulla Oblongata and go out at the Foramina Lacera The fourth Pair are the Pathetick Nerves they rise from the small Medullary Cord which is behind the Testes and pass thorow the Foramina Lacera The fifth Pair rise from the fore Part of the Processus Annularis they give Nerves to the Dura Mater each of them divides into three branches the first passes out at the Foramen Lacerum the second at the third hole of the Os Sphaenoides and the third thorow another hole of the same Bone The sixth Pair rises from the sides of the Processus Annularis and goes out at the Foramen Lacerum but just before it goes out it casts back a branch which
stronger and less apt to break that several Membranes and Vessels which suspend the Dura Mater and which go to the Pericranium may pass thorow the Sutures and that the Matter of transpiration may pass thorow them Of the Bones of the Skull Now the Bones of the Cranium are six proper and two common to it and the upper Jaw The six proper are the Os Frontis which makes the forepart of the Skull the Os Occipitis which makes the hind-part and the Ossa Parietalia and Temporum which make the sides The two common are the Sphaenoides and the Os Ethmoides which are Part of the basis of the Skull Os Frontis The first of the Proper is the Os Frontis or Coronale it is almost round it joins the Bones of the Sinciput and temples by the Coronal Suture and the Bones of the upper Jaw by the Sutura Transversalis and the Os Sphaenoides by the Sutura Sphaenoidalis It forms the upper Part of the Orbit and it has four Apophises which are at the four Angles of the two Orbits It has two holes above the Orbits thorow which pass a Vein Artery and some twigs of the first branch of the fifth Pair of Nerves It has also one in each Orbit a little above the Os Planum thorow which a twig of the Ophthalmick branch of the fifth Pair passes to the Nose it is the Orbiter Internus It has two Sinus's above the Eye-brows between its two Tables they are lined with a thin Membrane in which there are several Blood-Vessels and Glands which separate a mucous Serosity which falls into the Nostrils The inside of this Bone has several Inequalities made by the Vessels of the Dura Mater It has two large dimples made by the anterior Lobes of the Brain Above the Crista Galli it has a small blind hole into which the end of the Sinus Longitudinalis is inserted From this hole it has a pretty large Spine which runs up along its middle instead of this Spine there is sometimes a Sinus in which lies the Sinus Longitudinalis which ought to be observed carefully by Surgeons in Wounds of this place This Bone is thicker than the Sinciput Bones but thinner than the Os Occipitis In Children it is always divided in its middle by a true Suture Ossa Parietalia The second and third are the Bones of the Sinciput called Parietalia they are the thinnest Bones of the Cranium they are almost Square somewhat long they are joined to the Os Frontis by the Sutura Coronalis to one another in the Crown of the Head by the Sutura Sagittalis to the Os Occipitis by the Lamboidalis and to the Ossa Temporum by the Suturae Squamosae They are smooth and equal on their outside but on their inside they have several furrows made by the Pulse of the Arteries of the Dura Mater They have each a small hole near the Sutura Sagittalis thorow which there pass some Veins which carry the Blood from the Teguments to the Sinus Longitudinalis Ossa Temporum The fifth and sixth are the Ossa Temporum situated in the lower Part of the sides of the Cranium their upper Part which is thin consisting only of one Table is of a circular Figure and is joined to the Ossa Parietalia by the Suturae Squamosae their lower Part which is thick hard and unequal is joined to the Os Occipitis and to the Os Sphaenoides this Part is called Os Petrosum they have each three External Apophises or Processes and one Internal The first of the External is the Processus Zygomaticus which runs forewards and unites with the Process of the Os Mali making that Bridge called the Zygoma under which lies the Tendon of the Crotaphite Muscle The second is the Mammillaris or Mastoidaeus it is short and thick situated behind the Meatus Auditorius The third is the Processus Styliformis which is long and small to it the Horns of the Os Hyoides are tied The Internal Process is pretty long and big in the basis of the Skull it contains all the Cavities and little Bones of the Ear which have been already described The holes in the Temporal Bones are two Internal and four External The first of the Internal is the hole thorow which the Auditory Nerve passes the second is common to it and the Os Occipitis the eighth Pair of Nerves and the Lateral Sinus's pass thorow it The first of the External holes is the Meatus Auditorius Externus the second is opened behind the Palate it is the end of that Passage which comes from the Barrel of the Ear to the Mouth The third is the Orifice of the Conduit by which the Carotidale Arteries enter the Cranium and the fourth is behind the Processus Mastoidaeus by it passes a Vein which carries the Blood from the External Teguments to the Lateral Sinus's Sometimes this hole is wanting there is another which is between the Processus Mastoidaeus and the Styliformis thorow which the Portio Dura of the Auditory Nerve passes They have each a Sinus lined with a Cartilage under the Meatus Auditorius which receives the condyle of the lower Jaw Os Occipitis The sixth Bone of the Cranium is the Os Occipitis it lies in the hind part of the Head it is almost like a Lozenge with its lower Angle turned inwards it joins the Ossa Parietalia and Petrosa by the Sutura Lambdoidalis and the Os Sphaenoides by the Sphaenoidalis It is thicker than any of the other Bones of the Cranium yet it is very thin where the Splenius Complexus and Trapezius are inserted Externally it is rough internally it has two Sinus's in which lie the two Protuberances of the Cerebellum and two large furrows in which lie the Sinus Laterales It has seven holes the first two are common to it and the Ossa Petrosa the Lateral Sinus's and the Par Vagum pass thorow them The third is the great hole thorow which the Medulla Spinalis passes The fourth and fifth are the holes thorow which the ninth Pair of Nerves passes The sixth and seventh are two holes thorow which there pass two Veins which bring the Blood from the External Teguments to the Sinus Laterales sometimes there is but one and sometimes none of these two there are sometimes two more thorow which the Vertebral Veins pass This Bone has also two Apophises one on each side of the great hole they are lined with a Cartilage and articulated with the first Vertebra of the Neck It has also a small Protuberance in its middle from which there goes a small Ligament which is inserted into the first Vertebra of the Neck It is longer in Beasts than in Men. Os Sphaenoides The first of the Bones common to the Skull and upper Jaw is the Sphaenoides It is a Bone of a very irregular figure It is situated in the middle of the basis of the Skull
but what we call Systole and Diastole It is done as much by the Structures of the Fibres of the Heart and Arteries as by the Blood which being thrust with Violence by the Contraction of the Fibres of the Heart into the Aorta dilates its Fibres because it is thrust from a wide passage into a narrow one the Fibres being once dilated by their spring contract again and so thrust the Blood to their Extremities as fast as they receive it from the Heart The Use of the Arteries is to carry the Blood to all the Parts of the Body It is hard to distinguish the Capillary branches of the Arteries from those of the Veins if it is not by the Injection of tinctured Liquors The Capillary branches throughout all the Body unite with one another as well as with the Veins SECT XII Of the Trunk of the Aorta Ascendens THE Aorta coming from the left Ventricle of the Heart sends out two branches called Coronariae before it pierces the Pericardium but after it hath pierced it it ascends a little and then it crooks downwards and forms the Aorta Descendens From the upper side of this Crook it sends out three branches two on the left side which are one Subclavian and one Carotide one on the right side which is the right Subclavian from which immediately rises the right Carotide The Arteria Subclavia on each side send out the Mediastina the Intercostalis Superior the Mammaria the Cervicalis or Vertebralis and the Muscula which goes to the Muscles of the Neck of the Breast and to the Glandulae Thyroides After that the Subclavia hath passed thorow the Musculus Scalenus it is called Axillaris The Arteriae Carotides as they ascend on each side of the Trachea Arteria give some small branches to the Trachea Arteria to the Larynx to the Glandula Thyroides and then they divide into two branches the one Internal the other External The External Carotide sends out four branches The first goes to the Tongue to the Muscles of the Os Hyoides and to the Pharynx The second divides into two branches of which the first loses it self in the Muscles Milohyoides and Digastrici and the second goes along the basis of the lower Jaw and is lost in the Muscles of the Lips The third branch of the External Carotide divides at the Angle of the lower Jaw into two branches one enters into the lower Jaw and the other makes the Arteria Temporalis The fourth branch of the External Carotide goes to the Muscles on the hind Part of the Neck and to the Skin of the hind Head The Internal Carotide passes thorow the Canal in the Os Petrosum gives some branches to the Dura Mater joins with the Cervicalis sends out branches to the Glandula Pituitaria Plexus Choroides then it runs thorow all the Circumvolutions of the Cerebrum and Cerebellum and loses its Capillary branches in their Cortical Substance The Axillaris having pierced the Scalenum gives some little branches to the nearest Muscles it sends out the Thoracica Superior and Inferior the Scapularis and then it gives a branch which passes under the Head of the Humerus into the Musculus Longus and Brevis of the Arm. The Trunk of the Axillaris goes down the inside of the Arm giving branches by the way to the Muscles that lie upon the Humerus Above the Elbow it sends out a branch which is spread upon the Internal Condile of the Humerus At the bending of the Elbow this same Trunk divides into two branches the one External and the other Internal The External runs along the Radius it casts out a branch which goes to the Supinator and ascends to the Brachialis Internus in the rest of its course down to the Wrist it gives branches to the Longus Rotundus and benders of the Fingers Wrist and Thumb Being come to the Wrist it sends out a branch which goes to the beginning of the Tenar then it passes under the Tendon of the Flexor Pollicis it gives branches to the External Part of the Hand and it passes under the Muscles between the fore Finger and the Thumb to which it gives a branch on each side The Internal branch goes down along the Cubitus to the Wrist and is distributed to the middle Finger to the ring Finger and to the little Finger SECT XIII Of the Aorta Descendens THE Aorta Descendens sends out first the Bronchialis of M. Ruysch which accompanies all the branches of the Bronchiae A little lower it gives the Intercostalis Inferior the Phrenica which are distributed in the Diaphragma the Lumbaria which goes to the Muscles of the Loins and Psoas the Celiaca which divides into two branches the one on the right the other on the left of which the first gives the Gastrica Dextra which goes to the Stomach the Cisticae to the Gall-Bladder the Epiplois Dextra to the Omentum the Intestinalis to the Intestine Duodenum and to a Part of the Jejunum the Gastro-Epiplois to the Stomach to the Omentum and some branches to the Liver which enter the Capsula Communis to accompany the branches of the Vena Porta The left branch of the Caeliaca gives the Gastrica Dextra which is also spread on the Stomach the Epiplois Sinistra to the Omentum and the Splenica to the Substance of the Spleen Then the Aorta Descendens sends out the Mesenterica Superior the Renales or Adiposae which go to the Glandulae Renales and fat about the Reins the Emulgents to the Reins the Spermaticae to the Testicles the Lumbares Inferiores to the Muscles of the Loins the Mesenterica Inferior which with the Superior is distributed thorow all the Mesenterium and which accompanies all the branches of the Venae Meseraicae When the Aorta is come to the Os Sacrum it divides into two branches called Iliacae and before these branches go out of the Cavity of the lower Belly to go to the Thighs it sends out 4 or 5 branches The first is the Sacra which rises near the middle of the division and is spread in the lower Belly upon the Os Sacrum The second and the greatest is the Hypogastrica 't is distributed to the Bladder to the Rectum to the outer and inner side of the Matrix and to the Os Sacrum then it gives two considerable branches which go out of the lower Belly The first passes under the Pyriformis and is distributed to the Muscles called Glutaei The second which is lower than the first gives also two branches pretty big of which the first goes to the Obturatores the second pierces the Cavity of the Abdomen under the Pyriformis and loses it self by several branches in the Glutaeus Major The third is the Pudenda which passes under the Os Pubis goes to the Privities when this branch is wanting the Hypogastrica supplies its place The fourth is the Ilias Minor or Muscula Inferior it goes to the Muscle Iliacus transversus and Obliquus Ascendens