may be called in Englishe principall or chief And there be three kindes thereof that is imagination or common sense reason or fantasie And memorie wherof according to Philosophers opinions the imagination consisteth in the formoste parte of the brayne ouer the forehead and fantasie remaineth in the midle of the braine Last of all memorie is placed in the hindermost parte of the braine aboue the noddle of the necke The seconde facultie or power which is called the vitall facultie doth consiste in the harte whiche is the fountaine of life and natural heate and it spreadeth from thence in arteries or pulses that haue their first beginning ther into al partes of the bodie geuing life to the whole bodie wherfore the chiefe action and operation of this facultie proceading is the geuing of vitall and liuely breath to all members whiche thing is perfourmed by the pulses coÌ„tinually opening or rysing vp and shutting or falling downe whiche when they open they drawe into themseues cold ayer whiche ayer dothe recreate there vp refreshe the power vitall whereof also the power animall is engendred But when the pulses or Arteries shutte they expâ—l and driue out soche fumous and smoky excrementes as are engendred through burninge or boiling of humours in the whole bodie for naturall heate is not vnlike to a fire whiche in boyling of any liquor raiseth a great fume euen so wheÌ„ natural heate will turne the substaunce of meates receiued into the substaunce of the members of our body it first boileth them and trieth them taking so moche of them as is moste apte and mete And the reste is expelled out of the bodie and is called an excrement The thirde and last facultie or power that gouerneth the bodie is called the naturall facultie which consisteth in the lyuer and it is sent from thence into all members of the bodie in vaines whiche dooe theire beginne and spring ministring nourishement and foode to eche member And note that this facultie is the cause of foure sundrie operations whiche it geueth to eche member that is attraction retention digestion and expulsion whose vertues are as foloweth First by the power attractiue euery meÌ„ber dothe drawe vnto it soche Iuise and foode as is metest to nourishe it Secondarely by the power retentiue eche meÌ„ber is able to keepe still and retaine the iuyse that is drawen to it vntill it be altered and chaunged into the substaunce of the member that it should nourishe these two faculties are ministers or haÌ„dmaides to the altring or disgesting facultie Thirdly by the digestiue or altering power that iuyse whiche is drawen to any member and retained there is digested altered and chaunged into another substaunce and by thesame power also it is aglutinate and ioyned to the member whiche is to be nourished And last of all it is made like to y t member which it nourisheth â–ª Fourthly by the expulsiue power eche member is able to seperate expulse and driue from it al suche superfluitées as be vnprofitable to nourishe that member and soche as nature is not able to alter and digeste soche superfluities and excrementes eche member hath power by the expulsiue facultée to driue from it lest if they should tarie long in any part of the body they would putrifie and rotte These be the principal powers and operations whiche I alreadie haue rehersed But beside them other meÌ„bers that are lesse principall haue their peculier operations as the longes draweth in and sendeth fourth breath the stomacke desireth meates and drinkes The liuer draweth the iuyâ—e of meates drinkes out of the stomacke the guttes and turneth it into bloude the gail draweth colerique humours froÌ„ the bloude the splene draweth melancholie humors from the bloud The raines drawe and seperate vrine from the bloud and sendeth it downe into the bladder And diuerse other members haue peculier operations whiche would be to long to reherse in this small treatise ¶ The .vi. Chapiter ¶ Of the diuersitee of humours in mannes bodie THere bee in the bodie of all mankinde fower sondrie humours that is blood fleume choler and melancholie whiche humours are daielie nourished and engendred of the iuise of meates and drinkes receiued into the body and there altered by naturall heat These humours maie bee called the second elementes or the elementes of maÌ„ for thei are equalle with the elementes and thei haue also the qualities of Elementes For blood is hotte and moiste like the aire fleume is colde and moiste like the water Choler is hotte and drie like the fire and Melancholie is cold and drie like the yearth These .4 humours as long as the bodie is in health doe remaine in soche porcion as nature ordained theim in at the firste generacion of the bodie and thei keepe their appointed places their colours tastes and operations for whiche nature ordeined them Knowe therefore that blood is engeÌ„dred in the Liuer of the iuise that is drawen out of the stomacke and is more aboundaunte in a haile man then any of the humours beside it is spread from the Liuer by vaines into al partes of the bodie his vse and propertie is to nourishe eche member And if the blood he naturall it is hote and moiste or rather temperate it is red in colour and sweete in taste whiche plainly appereth in healthfull folke Fleume that is naturalle is lesse in quantitie then blood it is chiefly engendred in the stomacke and it is as it were nourishemente halfe digested or halfe tourned into bloode whiche beyng drawen with the iuise of meates and drinkes to the Liuer the greateste parte of it tourneth into bloode The vse and propertie of the rest of flegme is to make the blood to flowe more quicklie in the vaines and flegme also because it is liquid and slipperie it helpeth the mouyng of y â— ioyntes And note that naturall flegme is cold and moiste in operacion white in coloure and without taste like water Choler that is natural is lesse in qualitie then Flegme And note that nature hath appoincted for it a peculiar receptaâ—le and seate that is a bladder hanging on the Liuer commonlie called the Gall lest if that Choler should bee mingled with the blood all the bodie would be yelowe as it is in the yelowe IauÌ„dise And therfore nature hath ordained that when Bloode is made in the Liuer the Gall draweth froÌ„ it Cholerike humours to make it the more pure The vse and propertie of Cholere is to flowe into the guttes that it might scoure theim and clense them from Flegmatike excremeÌ„tes and that it might helpe their excrecion that is that it might raise and stire vp the vertue expulsiue to driue out the egestions in due tyme. The Choler that is naturall is hote and drie in operacioÌ„ yelowe in colour and bitter in taste As for Melancholie it is as it wer the dregges and grounde soppes of Blood whiche
whether it be Then to feele the pulse to obserue well the state thereof nexte to viewe diligentlie the excrementes not onely the vrine but also the ordure spitell and sweate Laste of all to haue respect to the place where grief is and to consider the accidentes that rise therof not omitting to knowe the former diete and trade of life of the sicke These thynges then beyng diligentlie and seuerallie marked the Phisicion maie more certainly learn the cause of the disease the strength therof and to what ende it will come then he could by seyng the vrine onelie And by that meanes he maie minister amete medicine for it whereby the sicke shall sone finde ease and hymself great good fame Otherwise he might by his error and ignoraunce tormēt the sicke worse and bring perill of death to his vtter reproche Thus haue I partlie declared what thynges ought to bee knowen of the Phisiciō that thereby he might with drawe and take awaie the fonde and folishe opinion that a great nomber of the countrie dooe credite to be true that is that the sight of the vrine is sufficiente inough for a cūning Phisicion to know the disease of the sick and the cause therof and to minister apte medicine for it ¶ The .xiii. Chapiter ⧠Of the vse and commodities of pourging and bloudletting MOte that if the bodie of man doe abounde with humours whiche are ready to oppresse nature then whether ther be sicknes in the body present by meanes of them or if there be but daūger of sicknes those humours must bee euacuate out of the bodie either by bloudletting or by pourging or by vomite swetting or bathes or by some other kinde of euacuation But I wil speake here onely of euacuation by bloudletting and pourging And first of bloudletting There be diuerse thinges to be cōsidered before bloudletting The age of the patient the complexion the time of the yeare the region the custome the strengthe the vehemencie of the disease The age must be considered because children vnder 14. yeares of age and old folke may not be let bloud without great necessitie require it The complexion is to be noted because a hote complexiō hath large vaines and aboūdeth with much bloud And therfore they may forbeare a good deale of bloud But coole complexions haue narrowe vaines and little bloude and therfore their euacuation must bee small The time of the yeare must bee marked that the weather be not to hote nor to colde And therfore the springtime is moste apte time for bloud letting because it is temperate The region and countrée is rehersed because it is to be noted that if the regiō be very hote or very colde it is not good to let bloud a temperate region is meatest for it Custome is not to be neglected for thereby we may know that they that haue ben accustomed to blede may better suffer bloud letting thē those that neuer were letten bloud The strengthe of the persone must be regarded for if there be great weakenes it is very daūgerous to let bloud at all except extreme necessitée compelleth Also the vehemēcie of the disease is worthie to bee marked for if it be a vehement disease you must let bloud streight if the former circumstaunces doe suffer it These thinges considered if thei wil permitte bloud letting and if it bee in a necessarie cause it shalbe good and expedient to knowe in what signe the moone is for you must take hede that she be not in the signe that gouerneth that member wherein you entende to open the vaine and also forsee that she be in soche a signe as is good to let bloud in which the table in the ende of this booke wyll teache you The vses and commodities of bloudletting are as foloweth First this is a general rule that bloudletting is a very good and moste conuenient remedy for all diseases that bee engendred of aboundaunce flowing or eruption of bloud as be chiefly the feuers called Synochi Also the phrenesie squinancie pleurisi peripneumony opthalmie against al inflammations and impostumations engendred of bloud in the lyuer the splene the raynes the wombe the share the armeholes the armes the legges to conclude in al inward or outwarde partes wheresoeuer the inflamation bee bloudletting is good for it whether it be nowe present or that ther be daunger that it will shortely engender Also bloudletting is good in feuers whether they be continual or intermittent if so bee the obstructions and stoppinges of the vaines be caused of immoderate repletion of humours And note that bloudletting dothe emptie and enuacuate from the bodie all humours alike as wel good as bad And therefore it is chiefly to bee vsed when there is to great an aboundaunce in the bodie of bloud other humours whiche do straine and stuffe the vaines that there is a great daunger and ieoperdie and breaking of some vaine or bruysing out of some flure of bloud or of choking and ertinguish natural heate And therfore in soche cases you must let bloud with all spede although sicknes be not already present For by lettinge bloud in due season the superfluous fulnes of y ◠vaines is brought into a meane state againe the paines that came of fulnes and stretching of the vessels bee eased The heauines that was felt in the bodie is taken awaye and the bodie is lightened and made more quicke and nimble to doe all soche actions as nature hath ordained it to doe Also it causeth natural heat to haue a larger scope and a free passage by opening and emptiyng the straightwayes passages of the vaines and arteries Last of all if it be done in time it preuenteth diseases into the whiche the bodie was ready to haue fallen Many more commodities might here be rehersed of bloudletting whiche is done when it ought and as it oughte to be done but to conclude omitting all other note for a generall rule that bloud letting is good against all kinde of diseases whiche be caused and engendred of bloud not onely when the diseases ar present but also it is good letting bloud to preuente any soche diseases if they be forséen or feared alwayes obseruinge that there be none of these impedimētes aforesaid whiche prohibite and forbidde bloud letting except it be in great necessitie and extremitie for then as the prouerbe is Necessitas non habet legē that is necessitie hath no lawe Here woulde I leaue of to speake of bloudletting but that there commeth to my mynde the common opinion of the ignorante people which dooe certainly beleue that if any persone be let bloud one yeare he muste bee lette bloud likewyse euery yeare or els he is in I can not tell howe great daunger whiche fonde opinion of theirs whereof soeuer it sprong at the firste is no more like to be true then I should saie when a man hath a great wounde by chaunce in any part of
thristie But Socrates said vnto them Zopirus hath nothing erred in his iudgement for certainly I had been of soche qualities as he iudgeth me to be of if I had not by Philosophie subdued nature Hereby it is euident that naturall dispositions of men may be altered And that is the cause why all the qualities and signes prescribed before in any of the complexions be not found to agree to euery particular mā of that cōplexiō wherfore it is sufficient if the most of thē doe agree with him The commodities that ensue the knowledge of a mannes owne complexion are many notable for thereby a man may learne to eschue the euill dispositions that he is naturally inclined vnto he may also make coniecture what trade of life is moste metest for him Moreouer he shall sone learne thereby what diet is profitable to preserue him in health and what is cōtrary to his nature Besides these also he may learne thereby to knowe what diseases he is subiecte vnto moste and so he may the better preuent them As for example if a man by the signes and qualities prescribed knowe him selfe to be of a colericke cumplexiō thereby he should haue iust occasion to bridle his naturall affections and endeuour to eschue rashenes prodigalitie hastines and soche like Also thereby he may knowe that he is apte to learning or to be a Lawier or to be a Capitaine or to doe any handie woorke wherein quickenes of witte sleighte or subtiltie doth consiste without any great laboure Also thereby he may learne y ◠often drinking of hote wynes or eating of hote spices be noysome to him Aboūdaunce of swete meates honie garlicke and onions may be but seldome vsed of him He may learne also that his stomacke is so good of digestiō that almoste no groose meate can hurte him Moreouer thereby he may learne to know that he is apte to fall into certian agues yelowe iaundies phrenesies vomitinges and soche like cholerique diseases which if he will eschue he must forbeare the thinges before rehersed specially in Sōmer and thē also he must learne of much labour and trauaile of burning heate of the Sunne and of great anger and soch like thinges that inflame choler The like commodities are to be searched out in other complexions whiche diligent obseruation you may easely finde wherin if they be able to enstructe the Phisicion he may with more safetie and spede cure their diseases ⸫ Finis primi libi◠The seconde booke treateth of diet and foode meete and necessarie for the bodie of man And of suche herbes as a gardaine ought to be furnished withall whiche be nedefull in healthe and sicknes ¶ The first Chapiter ⧠why man hath nede of nourishement THe naturall heate whiche God hath ordained to be in mans body from the tyme of his generation vntill he departe out of this worlde doth continually waste and consume the substaunce of the members and therfore the whole bodie would sone bee wasted and consumed vnlesse the like substaūce to that whiche is euaporate and spredde were daily engēdred in the body Therfore nature hath engendred euen from the birth an appetite desire of meates drinkes in eche mā of whiche meates and drinkes receiued into the stomacke the same nature by alteration and digestion of them maketh suche substaunce as eche member hath lost that the body may long endure in good estate This is the marueilous workyng of God and nature for the preseruatiō of mankinde for we nede not to be taught of any bodie to eate drinke or breath but immediatly after our generation we haue those faculties and appetites engraffed in vs whereby we can do them without a teacher With meate when it is digested and altered is restored the drie sounde substaunce that is wasted in the members with drinke is restored the moister substaūce of the bodie that is cōsumed And so they are both reserued in their former state By breathing and by mouing of the pulses the ayre and the firie substaūce of the bodie is nourished and refreshed ¶ The seconde Chapiter ⧠Of the commodities and discommodities of meates and drinkes THe foode whiche is receiued into the stomacke by the mouthe is there boyled by naturalheate and the iuice therof is sucked and drawen to the lyuer by certaine vaines called Meseraicae where it is purified and the best of it is turned altered into bloud by the vertue of the liuer and from thence that bloud is sente in vaines into all partes of the bodie with which bloud eche member is nourished and restored and by the operation of nature euery member hath bloud turned dailie into soche substaunce as the member is whereby so muche is restored to that member as naturall heate before hath wasted and consumed Soch be the commodities of meates and drinkes if they be good and easie to digeste being taken in sufficient quantitie good order and due time But if these circumstaunces be not obserued ther is scarcely any thing so pernicious to a mā For so they be of great force to engender greuous sicnesses by engendring euill vitious humours These circumstaunces therfore aforenamed are diligently to be cōsidered and obserued of soche as desire to kepe their bodies in health First what they eate or drinke Secondly howe moch Thirdli after what sorte And last of all at what time For the first part there ought hede to be taken that the meates and drinkes whiche are to bee receiued into the stomacke be good and holsome for the body And therfore they must bee soche as will cause good iuyse engender good bloud and soche as the stomacke is well able to digeste For some stomack is more able of nature to digeste harde meates then many other But note that the beste and moste holsome meates ought to haue these properties They must breed good iuyce they must be light and easie of digestion and thei must be of a thinne substaunce for soche doe breede good humours in short time without any obstructions and stoppinges of the vaines and conduictes of the bodie As for those meates that are of contrarie qualities to them aforesaid they are hurtfull and noysome to the bodie For soche meates as be of euil iuyce doe engender naughtie and corrupte humours in the bodye Soche as be harde of digestiō doe debilitate and make wearie nature ouercharging the alteratiue vertue of the stomack Soche as be of a grosse substaūce doe breade obstructions and opilations stopping the vessels that bee about the liuer whereby for lacke of frée passage of bloud and other humours perilous feuers and many other daungerous diseases be engendred Moreouer it is to be noted in this part whiche teached to obserue what you eate or drinke that the temperature of meates is to be marked and learned For as long as a man is in health soche meates as are of like temperature to him selfe are moste
through their transgression thei were driuen out of the pleasaunt Paradise and cast forthe into this vale of miserie the yearth them selues and their posteritée being cursed for their offence yet it tooke soche effecte that all mankinde whiche haue been since that tyme vntill this daie haue proceded of them and their posteritee beyng ingendred by the coniunction of their pareÌ„tes Soche was the wonderfull prouidence of God omnipotent from the beginning that all liuing creatures should contain in theim selues soche seede as doeth suffice to engender their like in their kinde that thereby the frailtee and mortalitee of eche kinde of liuyng creates might by succession bee preserued from vtter decaie and remain from age to age continually increasing by many hundred yeres to the settyng for the of Goddes glorie whiche thyng as dooeth plainlie appere in euery kind of creature so it maie sufficiently and moste manifestly be perceiued by consideryng the state of mankind Whose life although for the moste part after Noes â—lood it hath not exceaded an hundred yeares in one particular man yet none can denie but at this day beyng aboue fiue thousande yeares froÌ„ the beginning of the worlde the nomber of men is so infinite proceaded of the two former persones our first parentes that they be as the fanâ—e of the sea or as the starres of the heauen innumecrable The body therefore of eche mankynde the twoo former persones onely excepted is ingeÌ„dred of the sead of his pareÌ„tes in his mothers wombe eche parte of the body being their fourmed and fashioned by diuine nature receiuing no norishement of bloud vntill y e full time of birth But after that the infant is borne into the worlde as long as it is tender And weake it is fedde and nourished with milke and when strengthe is increased then meates are ministred to it of sondry substaunce harder of digestion Wherin if a due order and moderate measure be kept and certain other necessary circumstaunces obserued which both reason and arte prescribeth as shalbe hereafter declared then the bodie continueth alwayes vnto the last age in safetie and health moreouer eche member kepeth his naturall estate and is both able and readie to doe soche functioÌ„s and busines as nature hath ordained them to doe As the stomack to haue a good appetite and to digest and alter meates well the lyuer to engender good bloud the raynes to seperate vrine from the bloud soche like excepting alwayes some externall and violent outward cause whiche may hinder their operation as a wynde a fal or soche like of whiche I entende not to speake further in this place ¶ The .ii. Chapter ¶ what thinges be requisite for him to knowe whiche would kepe his body in health THe preseruatioÌ„ of health doth chiefly consiste in knowledge of the body and in due moderate vse of sustinaunce ministred to thesame Of the first part I will chiefly intreate in this booke First it is requisite to come to y e knowledge of our bodies by vnderstanding wherof they are compacte and made Secondarily it is good and nedefull to knowe the differences of the partes of the bodie Thirdly their offices and powers are to be considered Fourthly the diuersitie of humains Last of all the complexions of the bodies are to be diligently marked which thinges duely and exactely considered noted A mete diet may sone bée serched out whiche if it be obserued there is no doubte but helthe may be preserued and sicknes eschued so long as nature is able to sustaine the body which thing Galen the Prince of all Phisitions declared in him self who although by nature he had a weake body which was subiect to many diseases in his youth yet he coÌ„fesseth him selfe that after eightene yeares of age being theÌ„ somewhat skilful in phisicke he so preserued his body that from those yeares vntill the time of his death which many reporte to be about the huÌ„dred yere of his age he was neuer vexed with any sicknes except it were with a seuer called Ephemera whiche lasteth but one daye that also he could easely haue auoyded if he had not more regarded at sometime to pleasure his frende with his arte then to obserue in al pointes the exacte preseruation of his health But peraduenture some wil alledge for this one example whiche is by hearsaye that they haue seen and dooe knowe diuerse Phisitions whiche be often subiect to sundrie diseases as wel as other sorts of men And therfore this litle perswadeth them that any arte maye preserue a man loÌ„g in health to whom I answer that there is great difference betwene those that study phisicke only to get a liuing thereby and them that searche out the knowlege therof to guide their liues according to the doctrine of it Of this last sorte of Phisitions was Galen who thought it a great reproche bothe to the science and to himselfe if this prouerbe might truly haue béen verified of him Aliorum est medicus ipse vlceribus statens that is to saye he is Phisition to other himself being full of byles sores Of thesame sorte also many other famous Phisitions haue béen and at this present be whiche men of indifferent vpright iudgement doe and may easelye perceiue But of the first sorte if there haue ben any or by chaunce at this present be I thinke they are an example to discredite this noble scieÌ„ce only to those that be ignoraunt rude and vnlearned who for that cause are enemies of this arte And therfore it is a true prouerbe Scientia non habet inimicum nisi ignorantem that is none is enemy to anye knowledge or science but he that is ignoraunt in it if any that bee vnlearned doe take occasion to despise phisike as a vaine thing takyng example at the life of the first sorte of phisitioÌ„s aforenamed I thinke I may safely iudge that they do it of an obstinate stubburnes or of a cancred hatred or els of wilfull blindnes like as the vile Renobites and Papistes at this preseÌ„t daie do seke meanes to discredite credite preachers as muche as they can by scrupulous serching and examininge of their liuing which somtime they finde to disagree from their doctrine God geue them grace to repente in time that they laye no soche stumbling blockes in weiklinges wayes Nowe I will leaue theÌ„ and returne againe to my purpose declaring in order the thinges requisite to be vnderstanded for the knowledge of our bodies as is aforesaied ¶ The. iii. Chapiter ⧠wherof mans body is compacte FIrst it is to be noted that ther are foure Elementes that is fyre ayre water and earthe which elementes haue in theÌ„ contrarie qualities one to an other that is heate colde drienes and moisture And the yearth is the loweste and heauiest element and it is colde and drie by nature Next the earth is the water beyng colde and moist The aire is
aboue the water and is hote and moiste Then cometh in the fire whiche is the highest the lightest element being hote drie Of these foure elementes according to the sentence of Hipocrates Galene and all other phisitions of that secte nature hath framed and made eche mans bodie So that euery mans body is compact and doth consiste of the foure Elementes whiche are so mixed together by nature that none of them doth remaine simple and pure in mannes body And therefore we oughte not to thinke that pure fyre or water ayre or earth should be conteined in mans body if that he bée made thereof because the elementes are not vnmixed in any liuing creature but like as in a medicine made of waxe pitch rosyn and tallowe when thei are melted together there appeareth neither ware nor pitche nor rosyn nor yet tallowe but a thing coÌ„pounded of their substauÌ„ce whiche retaineth their qualities and yet is like none of them Euen so in mans body whiche consisteth of the foure elementes being coÌ„mixed by nature in his generation none of the elementes is to be séen or perceiued simplie and seperatly but there appereth euidently a substaunce commixed and made of the elementes whiche substaunce retaineth in it the qualities of theim and yet is like none of theÌ„ It shal be sufficient therfore for him that is not so muche addicte to his senses that he will beleue nothyng but that whiche he maâ— see féele or perceine with outwarde senses When he seeth in the body any meÌ„ber that is colde and drie and harde as bones gristles or suche like he maye consider that the substaunce of yearth is there where he findeth his qualities as likewise when he seeth bloud moiste and liquid he may perceiue that y e element of water is ther. The great heate that is in a liuing body may put him in minde of the element of fyre Like as also the breath of man may sone persuade him y t the element of ayre is in mans body This example I haue brought furth only to cause a deper consideration of the coniunctioÌ„ of the foure elemeÌ„tes in man 〈◊〉 which although it can not be iudged by outward senses yet is it certainly to be credited that euery member in mans body be it neuer so smal doth consiste of the foure elemeÌ„tes And therfore the auncieÌ„t Phisitions defineth an element saiyng it to be the lest and moste simple portion of that thinge which it doth constitute and make The cause why the knowledge of y e elemeÌ„tes is both mete and necessary as well for him that is studious to preserue helth as for the Phisition is that eche of theÌ„ may vnderstande that health doth consiste in a naturall temperature of heate colde drynes and moisture And contrariwyse that disease chaunce to the body by distempure of the said foure qualities of the elemeÌ„tes for nature hath geueÌ„ to euery member of the body in the time of generation a moste mete apt temperaturefrom whiche if any member doe decline in heate colde drynes or moisture there followeth some disease in that member whiche is consequent to the qualitie abounding or wauntiâ—◠¶ The. iiii Chapiter ⧠Of the difference of partes in mans bodie THough the partes of maÌ„s body be mani in nombre yet thei at comprehended in a fewe diuisions Note therfore that there be some partes of the body that be called in Latine Simdares partes that is to sate soche partes as being deuided eche pece is like the whole parte may well be called by the same denomination and name As for example the least peace of fleshe is to be called fleshe as the whole member from whiche it was seperate And these following be commonly called Similari or like partes that is fleshe bones sinues gristles filmes ligameÌ„ts vaines arteries and suche like Some other partes in the body be called in Latine Instrumentales or dissimilares partes that is instrumentalles and vnlyke partes and sâ—che members are compouÌ„ded and doe consiste of the saied similarie and like partes As the head the hande the foote and such other members that are compact of bones sinues flesh vaynes other aforenamed Note also that of instrumentall members there be two sortes whereof they that bee of the firste sorte be called principall members And they are foure in nombre that is to saye the brayne the harte the liuer and the stones And these are called principal meÌ„bers because without the three first no man may liue And without the last the generatioÌ„ of mankinde should cease â–ª All other instrumentarie members besides these foure are lesse principall and are to be coumpted of the second sorte Note moreouer that to y â— aforesaid foure principall members there he foure ministers or haÌ„dmaydes that is senues arteries vaines and sparmatike vessels whereof senues serueth for the brayne Arteries for the harte vaynes serue for the lyuer and sparmatike vessels for the stones Thus muche haue I spoken for the generall difference of members in mans body As for the knowledge of special or particular differences of eche parte of euery member I referre the Reader to bookes of Anatomies ¶ The. v. Chapiter ⧠Of the offices and powers of members in mans body THe facultie vertue or power y â— nature hath graffed in any meÌ„ber is the cause from whence the action doing or working â–ª of that member procedeth springeth It behoueth vs therefore firste to serche out what faculties there be in the body that thereby the operations of members may appeare Note that there be three diuerse faculties or powers whiche doe gouerne the whole body of maÌ„ And they be called in Latin Animalis facultas vitalis naturalis that is the animal power the vitall and the naturall power And these three faculties be engraffed doe proceade from the thre first principal members that we haue made meâ—â—â—â— of in the former chapiter that is from the braine the harte and the liuer from whiche members all other partes of the body receiue their force and vertue For in the braine consisteth the facultie and power animall whiche is deriued sent from theÌ„se by synowes that syring there into al partes of the bodie gâ—uing sense and mouing throughout the bodie and increasing wit And therfore it is to bee noted that there be three sundrie actions or operations that proceade from this facultie into diuerse partes of the body The first action whereof the power animall is cause is outward sense and that is done 〈◊〉 maner of wayes that to by seing hearing smelling tasting and feling The second action is voluÌ„tarie mouing of any meÌ„ber wherby a man may moue any member of his body when he will and state it at his pleasure as the mouing of the legge the arme the head the tounge and suche like The thirde action is inwarde sense and wit or vnderstanding and it is called in Latine Princeps It
if it be naturall it is leste in quaÌ„titie of all humours And it is to bee noted that nature hath appoincted a member in mannes bodie commonlie called the Splene or Milt whiche draweth froÌ„ the blood this blacke and yearthlie humoure leste if it should flowe with the bloode in the vaines it would make the colour of the whole bodie blacke as it chaunceth in the blacke Iaundise wherin Melancholie floweth all ouer the bodie with blood in the vaines The splene therfore is ordained by nature to drawe awaie the dregges and thicke residence of the blood The vse and propertie of the Melancholie in mannes body is to nourishe the Splene and to helpe the accioÌ„s and operacions of the stomack for it causeth the stomack to comprehende well in it self meates that are receiued and to retein and kepe them vntill thei be fully digested The colour of natural Melancholie is blacke like yearth it is cold and drie in operacion and sowre in taste These ar the qualities and quantities whiche are naturallie conteined in the humours of mannes bodie But if it so chaunce that any of these humours doe alter by any meanes in quaÌ„titie colour substance taste or place then thei cause sicknes little or moche accordyng to the excesse or decrease or malignaunt qualities of the humors declining froÌ„ his natural state which for breuitie I let passe ¶ The .vii. Chapiter ¶ Of the complexions of mannes bodie THe auncient Phisicions doe saie that a coÌ„plexion or temperament is nothyng els but a mixture of the fower elementes that is Fire Aire Water and Yearth and thei make .ix. sondrie kindes of complexions one that is temperate and eight that be not temperate whereof fower be simple that is hote or colde or moiste or drie And .iiij. bee compounde that is hote and moiste or colde and moiste hote and drie or cold and drie But soche men as write accordyng to the capacitie or vnderstandyng of the reader thei do sate that a complexion is a mixture of the fower humours in maÌ„nes bodie that is Blood Flegme Choler and MelaÌ„cholie And thei make but fower sondrie complexions according to the nomber of those humoures whiche doctrine of theirs although it be farre inferiour to the other yet it is not vnprofitable but worthie to bée marked of all menne for thereby thei maie haue cause to consider that somme humoure doth abounde more in some one manne then in an other whereby the qualities and disposicions of diuers men are altered It is necessarie therefore for hym that would knowe of what complexion hym selfe or anye other persone is to obserue and marke as well the inward qualities and disposicions of the minde as also the outwarde signes of the body accordinge to the preceptes here nexte insuyng The bodye wherin bloud or ayer hath dominion and preheminenâ— doth abounde on heate and moisture and it is counted Sanguine of complexion it may be knowen by these signes Mirth iesting familiaritie delight in pastimes Liberalitie and fréenes of harte Simplicitie and meane witte Seldome angrie Pulse great and swifte and full Fleshines of members without fat Prones to carnall luste Largenes and fulnes of the vaines arreries Aboundaunce of ordure and vrine swette without euill sauoure Aptnes to bleding at the nose and flures of bloud and diseases thereof Colour of the face and bodie ruddie mixed with whyte and redde Often dreaminges of bloud and redd thinges without feare Desire of wyne good digestion Vrine reddishe and often grosse Reddishe heare in great abuÌ„daunce The bodie wherin fleâ—â—e or water hath preheminence doth abounde in colde and moisture and it is called â—hâ—eginatike of complexioÌ„ whiche maye be knoweÌ„ by these signes Forgetfulnes Dulnes of witte sense in learning Slouthfulnesse and hoaâ—inesse in mouinge Ouermuche stepines Colours of the face bodye white sallow pale or leady Much fatnes without sound fleshe The pulse small slowe seldome softe Reumatike full of spittle swete white and thicke Much moistor comming out at the nose and mouthe DigestioÌ„ slowe and weake Appetite of soure sharpe meates Smothe shynne without hears Cowardlines feare Vrine whitish pale thin Swette whitish vnsauery Dreames of waters snow rain c. Whitish hears Delighte in hote things hurt ensuing cold things Vaines smal little apering The bodie wherin Choâ—er or Fire hath dominioÌ„ doeth abound in heate and drines and is named Cholerike of complexion and it maie be knowen by these signes Rashenes in all thinges quicke witte Subtilitie prodigalitie Irefulnesse boldenesse and hardinesse Desire of reuengement sharpelie Hearines and roughnes Drines and leanesse of the bodie Heare redde Aburne and curled Coloure of the eyes and face yelowe like the iaundise The pulse great swifte and harde The vrine like fine golde in colour or like fire Impatiente with hunger or thirste Drynes of the tunge and roughnes Little filthe in the nose and little spittle Sone very angrie and sone appeased Watching very longe and often Dreaminges of battaill murder fire bloudshed Delight in colde thinges Quicke and strong of digestion Swifte and light of bodie â–ª Often â—nawyng in the mouthe of the stomacke and costiuenes in middellage The bodie wherin Melancholie or yearth hath dominioÌ„ doth abounde in coldnesse and drinesse and is named melancholie of complexion it may be knowen by these signes Grauitie and simplicitie Euill disposition so that often thei kill themselues Enuie couetousnes nigardnesse fearfulnesse sorowe weping â–ª kepiÌ„g secret coÌ„sâ—â— solitarie wittie constant in opinion Slowe to anger Harde to please after anger Leanesse and roughnesse of the whole bodie Blacknesse or sâ—artnesse of the face and skinne Heare blacke and plain Pulse slowe little and harde Vrine subcâ—â—ine grenish or 〈…〉 bright and 〈…〉 swearing Oftentimes blacke 〈…〉 dreames of death grauce and soche like Content with small sleping Impatiente of cold By these signes and qualities before rehersed eche man may learne to know of what complexion he is of if he wil diligently coÌ„sider the same And note that it shalbe sufficient to iudge his coÌ„plexioÌ„ to be according with y â— humour to which for the moste part his qualities and outwarde signes be agreing and inclining Although all the properties prescribed to the humour doe not agree with him For the disposition of the mynde and also the state of the bodie are oftentimes altered and chaunged from their naturall course sometime to better and some time to worse according to the good or euill education of the partie As among â—â—anie this one example doth declare whiche is written of auncient and credible Historiographiers There was sometime in Grece a man which was named Zopirus who by beholding of a mans face could knowe his complexion and iudge his condicions This man beholding Socrates an excellent Philosopher iudged him to be prodigall and vnchast Whiche iudgement wheÌ„ Socrates familiar frendes had heard thei lawghed Zopirus to scorne because they knewe Socrates to bee moste centinent and
holsome for him and best agreing to his nature For this is a generall rule and precepte in phisicke Similia similibus nutriuntur that is as muche to saie as thinges that are like are nourished by their like And therfore hote meates are good to nourish hote complexions colde meates are good for colde complexions drie for drie likewise and moiste meates good for moist complexions The seconde thing which was saied ought to be obserued in receiuing foode was to take hede how much is receiued at one meale Whosoeuer therfore entendeth to preserue him selfe in health let him take hede that he dooe not vse to eate vsque ad sacietatem that is as longe as he hath any appetite or vntil he be stuffed ful for excesse of meates doth ouercharge nature suffocating quenching naturall heate so that some disease immediatly insueth obserue therfore in any case to bee contente with so moche meate as wil suffice nature thin king it sufficient to haue hunger slaked although the appetite be not fullie satisfied This is a precepte moste worthy to be obserued of them that would prolong health whiche thing is confirmed by a notable sentence of the moste auncient famous and excellent phisition Hypocrates whiche is worthie to be borne in minde of all men And it is this in latin Sanitatis studium est non satiari cibis ▪ that is to saie The meanes to preserue health is to eschue sacietie gluttonie of meates and drinkes Thirdly there ought to be an order obserued in eating of meates for albeit that it is moste holsome for all complexions to eate of one kinde of meate only at one meale for so nature is able to make more perfecte digestion thereof yet because the greatest sorte of menne specially if thei be wealthie dooe commonlie vse to eate of sundrie meates at one meale I thought it worthie of obseruacion that there bee not a preposterous order vsed in eatyng of diuerse meates for so diuersitie of meates might inferre greater daunger Obserue therefore to eate cōpitentely of one meate onely at one meale and let it bee soche as will well agrée to your cōplexion and soche as you haue béen accustomed vnto If any refuse to obserue this receipte let them for the eschewinge of greater daunger obserue and take hede that in diuersitée of meates they vse to eate soche thinges as be easie of digestiō before meates that be of harde digestiō and let them eate moiste meates before drie meates and mollifiyng meates before binding and restrictiue meates For if this order be obserued there will lesse hurte insue Last of all it is not to be neglected at what times meates drinkes are to be receiued into the stomack For foode receiued out of due time doth rather hurte then nourishe for the knowledge whereof there are fiue thinges to be considered The age the time of yere the complexion the countrie and the custome As for example a childe or a young man vntill he be past .xx. yeares of age in wynter or springtime being Cholerick or Sanguine of complexion dwelling in a colde region and hauing vsed to eate often soche a one ought to féede often But contrariwise a manne that is past .xxx. yeares of age in Summer and haruest time being flegmatike or Melancolike of complexiō dwelling in a hote region and accustomed to eate but seldome soche a one ought to féede seldome Also these aforesaied respectes being seuerally considered dooe partely declare the times of eating For a childe may eate more oftener then anye other age A cholerick complexion oftener thē any other complexiō Likewise in winter a man that is in health may eate oftener then in Sommer And so forthe is to be vnderstanded of the reste And the contrary of the contraries But note generally that it is good for the preseruation of health if those whiche bee in health doe not vse to eate meate before that the meate whiche they did eate last before be digested hauīg exercised their bodies with some pastime or labour and then as sone as hūger and appetite prouoke them let them eate competently I thinke it be moste holsome for theim that leade a quiet and idle life excepte they bée cholerick of complexion to bée content with twoo meales in one daye that is dinner and supper And let there be vij or viij howers betwene meales and let them eschue by all meanes possible drinking or banquetting betwene meales But soche as vse daily great bodely laboure or that exercise themselfes moch in any pastime or trauaile or that be of a choeerick complexion soche persones sins the coldnes of our countrie also custome doe permitte it They may safely vse to eate three meales a daie that is breakefast dynner and supper so that there bee fiue or sixe howres betwene either of them But let them obserue that their chief labour and exercise be before meate for labour or exercise after meates is very hurtfull to the body for because it maketh aboundaunce of crude and rawe humours in the vaines and conduites of the body ¶ The .iii. Chapiter ¶ Of diuersities of meates IT is moste certainly confirmed by the autoritie of aūcient phisicions and proued also by daily experience that humours ar bredde in mannes bodie as the iuyce of the meate that he receiueth is apte to make And therfore there ought no litle regarde to be had what kinde of foode is to bee vsed For as meates of good iuyse doe engender good bloud preserue health so cōtrariwise soch meates as breade ill iuyse do engendre vicious and corrupt humours and doe cause diuerse and many perilous diseases Note therefore that of meates some be easie of digestion and some harde of digestion And of either of them some bee of good iuyce and some of euil iuyce Also some meates be apte to breede melancholie some fleme and some choler Of whiche it would require long time to make particuler rehersal I will only in the chapters following brieflye declare whiche meates are accoumpted to make good iuyce whiche make euil iuyce whiche are in a meane betwene them bothe ¶ The .iiii. Chapiter ⧠Of meates makyng good iuyce THese meates followinge are easie of digestion and are wōte to make good iuyce in a haile body that is to say partriches Fesantes Chickens Capons Hennes Small byrdes that vse to be vpon moūtaines newe laide egges reare or potched younge porke veale newe milke freshe fishe that be in grauellie and stonie riuers To these may be added bread made of the flower of good wheate being well leauened sufficiently salted well baken in an ouen being twoo or three daies olde And also pure wyne These with many other thinges which for breuitie I leaue out if they be taken in meane quantitie in due order time they engēder good bloud and nourishe the bodie quickely ¶ The .v. Chapiter ⧠Of meates engendring corrupt humours
because they be of ill iuyce THese meates following are harde of digestion and dooe moste commonly make euill iuyce in a healthfull bodie that is Bacon made of olde swyne old biefe tame Duckes tame Géese when they are olde olde mutton puddinges made of the bloud of beastes tripes and sowse harde chese shell fishes vnripe fruite eaten rawe rawe herbes soche like To these maie be added vnleuened bread baken vnder the ashes and wine that is very new thicke or sower These and soche like doe seldome or rather neuer breede good bloude in any mannes bodie And therefore it is good to eschue then although labouryng men maye often vse them without any great hurt ensuing by meanes of their great bodily laboure vehement exercises wherby the hurte that would ensue is auoided by swette and other excrementes ¶ The .vi. Chapiter ⧠Of meates whiche are in a meane I Counte all soche meates to bée in a meane betweene those meates that bée rehersed in the ij former chapiters whiche either be somewhat hard of digestion but being well digested doe make indifferent good iuyce or els soche meates as doe abounde with superfluous humidities and excrementes whereby fleme viscious humors be engēdred To these adde soche meates as be clammy and do make obstructions and opilations and soche other like Of al these sortes I wil reherse some particuler examples wherby you may the better consider the remnaunt Yong bief Muttō Kidde Lābe Conies Pigges all water foules being yonge salte fleshe and fishe harde egges newe chese Creame Rie bread Venison ripe fruites and diuerse other thinges of like sorte to some of these whiche at this present I pretermitte Nowe I wil entreate of herbes whiche be moste vsed of healthfull folkes and be necessarie against diuerse diseases ¶ The .vii. Chapiter ⧠Of a gardeine SInce herbes are so diuersly often vsed of all kinde of people in pottage brothes Sallettes and sauses And be also founde by long experience to bee moste holsome and profitable against an infinite nomber of diseases I can not but lamente the wilfull folie of those that neither thēselues will haue good gardeins and to plante and sowe good stoore of herbes therein neither yet doe regarde the knowledge of the vertues and operations of soche herbes as are dailie in vse But if their finger dooe but ake a little they couet to haue a medicine that is brought out of India or from the furthest parte of the worlde Where as in deede according to the saiyng of Plini they daily doe treade vpon soche herbes as be able to remedie many dieases but their ignoraunce causeth theim to contemne them as weedes good for no purpose And contrariwyse I counte them worthy of great praise of continuance of health whiche being of abilitie wyll no lesse endeuoure them selues to haue a faire gardein well stored with a great nomber of good and holsome herbes thē they will prepare to haue a gorgeous house finely furnished with many necessary implemētes since the commodities thereof be so great For as a house is a place for a mannes reste and ease wherein he kepeth his gooddes frō theues and robbers euen so a garden is a place of pleasure and delight wherein be herbes that will keepe a mans bodye from diseases and sicknes if he liste to learne their vertues qualities whiche all men ought to be willing to doe that haue any regarde to their health For at the beginning as it appeareth in y e firste of Genesis Almighty God did ordeine herbes and fruites to bee sustinaunce foode for man saiyng vnto Adam and Eua after that he had blessed theim in this wyse Beholde I haue geuen vnto you all herbes that bringe foorth seede vpon the earth and all fruites of trees to be meate for you Here it appeareth that by Goddes ordinaunce herbes and fruites dooe suffice to nourishe and susteine mannes nature As vndoubtedly not onely Adam and Eue were nourished by herbes fruites but also great multitudes of people in diuerse ages haue béen and at this present be nourished fedde onely with herbes rootes fruites And we our selues although according to the custome of our progenitours vse to cate fleshe and fishe of diuerse sortes yet haue wee daiely herbes and fruites in vse to nourishe oure bodies withall and to cure suche diseases as mans bodie is subiecte vnto In consideration whereof I wyshe and counsaile as many as be able to prepare for themselues a gardaine plotte and to plante sette and sowe therein so many sundrie herbes as they can learne to be holsome and good for their bodies being in health and profitable against cōmon diseases that it may bee vnto them in steede of a Poticaries shoppe when the Phisicion shall appointe them by his bil a remedy whiche they should make for their griefe or when there is a diet prescribed theim First therefore whosoeuer entendeth to haue a gardeine lette him chose a plotte on the Southe side or East side of his house let the quantitie therof be according as he shal iudge sufficient for his vse let it not be nighe to a barne for the dust and chaffe of corne destroieth herbes if you couet to set your herbes in Septēber about Michelmas time then let your grounde be plowed or digged in the Spring time in March or Aprill that the heate and drienes of the Sommer may make it mellowe But if you will beginne to gardaine in Februarie or Marche let your grounde be ploughed or digged in September or October that the frostes and colde of the wynter may make the yearth mete for your purpose laye compasse vppon the grounde a moneth before you will sette or sowe any thinge and lette it be horse dunge or shepes dūge and let it be delued into the ground a wéeke before you sowe any séede or sette any herbes lette your grounde be suerly and closely fensed with a wall or a pale or a double quicke set hedge that no cattell nor pultrie can come into it Prouide that there be continually water nighe the gardain plotte whiche thinge if you woulde be sure of digge a well in August for that wil not be destitute of water al y e yeare When your grounde is readie then set and sowe herbes and séedes the Moone being in the encrease that is betwene y e chaunge and the full and let the Moone be in one of these signes Taurus Virgo or Capricorne whiche you may learne to knowe in the ende of this treatise ¶ The .viii. Chapiter ¶ The names of soche herbes as maie bee easelie gotten and bee good to bee growyng in Gardeines aswell for foode as for medicines IN this chapiter I onely entende to declare the names of herbes that bee moste necessarie to bee had in gardeines their vertues shalbe declared in the nexte chapiter immediatlie insuyng 1. Borage 2. Buglosse 3. Betes 4. Letuse 5. Sorell 6.
it groweth vpoÌ„ moist stones and spring heades it is good against inflaÌ„mations and profiteth against ringwormes and tetters 54. Lilies Lilium LYlies he hoote and drie in the first degree their rootes be absterstue The smell of Lilies is good for a colde brayn The oile whiche is made of the flowers of Lilies hath vertue to dissolue mollifie and digeste all hardines and swelling specially the hardines of the wombe And it mollifieth senues The roote of Lilies being burned or roste and then brayed with oyle of Roses is good to be layde vpon burninges and scaldinges vntill they be whole It is good for scurfe and Leprie in the face 55. Louage Leuisticum LOuage is hoote and drie in the thirde degrée it loueth moiste groundes The herbe roote séede hath vertue to heate it is of like qualities to Smallache and persely and therefore it prouoketh vrine menstruis specially the seede of it Also it dissolueth wyndines breaketh the stone prouoketh swette and taketh away obstructions of the splene 56. Mynthes Menta MYntes bee of diuerse sortes they are hote in the thirde degree and drie in the seconde And therefore they haue vertue to heate to restraine and to drie the iuyce of Myntes staunceth bloud being dronken with vineger Myntes kyll wormes and prouoke carnall luste they cease vomites and yesking they are good for a colde lyuer they corroborate and strengthen the stomake making good digestion but cholericke folke may not vse it moche 57. Neppe Nepeta NEppe is thinne of substaunce and it is hote and driein the seconde degrée The decoccion of it beyng druÌ„ke is good against brusynges coâ—â—lsion and gripynges Also it prouoketh vrine 58. Filipendula Saxifraga rubea FIlipendula is hote and drie in the third degrée The rootes of it are good against the strangurie and suppression of vrine And also againste paines in the raines and the stone therein conteined also it is good against windines of the stomacke and against shortnesse of breath 59. Basill Ocimum BAsill is hotte in the seconde degree and somewhat moiste the sauoure thereof comforteth the hart and the hedde The seedes of it be good for the Cardiaca passio This herbe chaungeth sorowe that is engendred of melaÌ„cholie into mirth gladnes 60. Alisanders Olusatrum ALisanders are hote in the second degree and drie in the third it is of thesame qualities that Smalache is of but that it is stronger it prouoketh vrine and menstruis Also the roote sodden in wine is good against the stone for pain of the sides loines 61. Berberes Oxyacantha BArberies be cold and drie in the seconde degree and thei bee restrictiue The fruite of theÌ„ will stoppe the fluxe of the wombe and womannes fluxe the roote of it beyng braied and applied will drawe out thornes or soche like thynges stickyng in the fleshe Conserue made of the fruit thereof and Sugare is good to quenche thirste And for to bryng their mouthes in taste that haue hotte Feuers and to prouoke and stirre vp appetite 62. Pionie Paeonia PIonie is of a thinne substaunce beyng drie and moderately hot The roote of it taketh awaie obstruccions of the Liuer and raines and stoppeth fluxes of the bealie beyng sodden in sower wine It hath been proued that a roote of Pionie being haÌ„ged aboute a childes necke hath preserued it from the fallyng sicknes 63. Poppie Papauer POppie is colde in the fowerth degree the white is better then the blacke It hath vertue by reason of cold to prouoke slepe it is harde of digestion and nourisheth but little it is good for the breste and luÌ„ges againste the cough stoppeth thin reumes flowyng out of the hedde Radishe Raphanus RAdishe is hote in the thirde degree and drie in the second degree It loueth a fatte grounde that is lose and well tilled It heateth it engendreth winde it is pleasaunte to the mouthe but it is enemie to the stomacke it causeth belkyng it prouoketh vrine and maketh soluble If it bee taken before meate it lifteth it vp in the stomacke and therefore it is good to be eaten before meate of them that will vomette beyng sodden it is good against an olde cough and for grosse humours contented in the breaste 65. Balme Melisla BAlme is hote in the seconde degree and drie in the first It is good against the biting gnawing of the stonacke comming of colde And it profiteth against sadnes and feare that commeth by meanes of melancholie it causeth mirth is good against melancholicke and flegmatike humours it hath like vertue that horebounde hath 66. Vines Vitis vinifera VInes their leaues be cold and drie vnripe grapes whiles thei be sower be cold and drie ripe grapes bee hote and moiste in the first degree Grapes doe nourishe more theÌ„ any other fruite except figges and they brede no euill iuyce if they bee fully ripe but yet they engender lose foggy fleshe yet they are the better that they passe swiftely out of the body the skinnes of them and the stones shoulde not be eaten The leaues and teÌ„derous vines are good to be applied for paine of the head and for inflammations and burninges of the stomake The iuyce thereof is dronken against the bloudye flixe and spitting of bloud 67. Winter cherie Alcakengi WYnter cherie is cold in the seconde degree and meane betwene moist and drie it is restrictiue The leaues of this herbe hath vertues like to garden night shade The frute of it is good to prouoke vrine therfore it is mixed with many medicines that haue vertues to helpe diseases of the liuer the bladder and the reynes 68. Valerian Valeriane VAlerian is hote and drie in the seconde degree this herbe doth heate if it be dried and dronke it prouoketh vrine his 〈◊〉 doth thesame it prouoketh menstruis it is good for paynes in the sides breste it groweth best in moist places 69. Sauery Saturea SAuerie is hote and drie in the thirde degree this herbe hath thesame vertue y t Time hath and is good to be vsed for preseruation of health it is good against diseases of the lunges and breste it prouoketh vrine and menstruis it stirreth vp carnall luste it helpeth digestion of the stomake and sharpeneth dulnes of sighte ¶ The first Chapiter ⧠Of herbes growyng without mans labour in sowyng or plantinge them I Haue declared before what herbes are mete for a gardein and what vertues they haue not being ignoraunt but that I haue omitted many herbes whiche be harde to gette and be but little knowen and therefore I omitted them being coÌ„tent to name the moste common herbes that be in diuerse gardeins whiche may suffice the ignoraunt people But besides the herbes that are planted in gardeins ther ar diuerse herbes that growe of their owne accorde in y e fieldes which haue notable vertues for sundrie diseases And therefore I would wyshe all
requisite as if you doe pourge when bloodletting is onely necessarie then is the disease aided against nature wherby greater dauÌ„ger of death dooeth ensue then would haue dooen if nature had been let a lone But to conclude briefly note that in all diseases the duetie of the Phisicion is to vse the contrarie remedie to the disease that healthe maie bee restored as to take awaie that whiche is superfluous to adde to that whiche lacketh to soften hardnesse and to rarifie grossenes and contrariwise alwaies endeuouryng to recouer the naturall state of the member diseased Likewise in hollowe vlcers and woundes to cause fâ—leshe to growe and to set in again bones that are out of ioynt and soche other like alwaies addyng subtractyng or amondyng that whiche is wantyng haboundyng or out of his dewe forme and place ¶ The. xii Chapiter ⧠What thynges the Phisicion ought to knowe before be attempte the cure of any disease I Haue declared sufficieÌ„tly in the former Chapiter how that it is the propertie of nature onely to striue and fight againste diseases And how that the PhisicioÌ„ is but the minister and seruaunt of nature either to adde soche thynges to her as she maie vse to destroie the disease withall or els by pluckyng cleane awaie the greatesse parte of that matter whiche causeth and maintaineth the sicknes And therefore it is mete and necessarie for the PhisicioÌ„ before he minister any thyng to learne and searche out perfectly the cause of the disease in whiche if he be ignoraunte it is more by good fortune then by cunnyng that he cureth any disease For how is it possible to help nature w t that that she hath nede of excepte it bee firste knowen what she needeth whiche none can knowe excepte the cause of the disease be manifeste to hym so that he maie minister thinges directly contrary to the cause of the disease And therefore I can not but lamente the ignoraunce of the common people that are perswaded that one medicin is sufficient for one disease not consideryng that one disease maie come of sondrie causes And therefore it necessarilie requireth diuerse medicines As for example weakenesse of the stomacke that it cannot digest well or that it hath no good appetite is one disease whiche neuerthelesse may bee caused a dosen sundrie wayes therefore the cure of it can not be alwayes with one medicine but rather in eche cause with a sundry medicine As if weakenes of the stomake come of a colde disteÌ„pure of it selfe only then it must be made hote bosome meanes If heate causeth the weakenes then it must be cooled Likewyse you must moisten drines and drie moisture But if the weakenes be caused of some humour that doth abounde whiche hath flowed into the stomake or hathe been there engendred then must that superfluous humour be pourged out either by vomite or purgation with a meke medicine As if it be fleme with a medicine that expelleth fleme if choler be abounding there then must it be soche a medicine as pourgeth choler And likewyse for Melancholie a mete purgatioÌ„ must be vsed to drawe out the humour But if the imbecillitie of the stomake be caused by a distilation and rewme that falleth out of the head into it then is the cure to be wrought in the head and not at all in the stomake And likewyse if distempure of the liuer or splene dooe weaken the stomake the cure consisteth in healing those members and not in ministring any thing for the stomake for it wilbe well as sone as they are cured Thus it is declared at large in one example the diuersitie of causes in one disease that thereby all men might likewyse consider that euery disease in eche member of the bodie may and doth likewyse come of diuerse causes against which causes if the medicines be not directly ministred it auaileth nothinge but rather hurteth Therefore let no man thinke it sufficient for the Phisicion if he knowe that a man hath soche a disease as the ague the Colicke the Flixe or soch other like that then he may straightwaye if he be conning minister a medicine mete for it No not so but he must first searche by al meanes possible the verie cause of the disease which the ignorauÌ„t people haue long time been persuaded that a cunning Phisition may doe in all diseases by the onely fighte and inspection of the vrine But alas thei are craftely bewitched or couetously blinded For to come to the knowlege of the cause of some inward disease the vrine profiteth nothing And in moste inwarde diseases of the bodie there ought as good regard to be had to the pulse and to the disposicions and state of the brain of the sicke as there should be of the vrin Also the egestions sweate spettle and other excremeÌ„tes ar not to be neclected in so moche as at some time thei do declare the cause of the disease and the state thereof when the vrine sheweth nothyng at all As for exaÌ„ple In a pleurisie or in an inflamacion of the lunges or in a squinancie or soche like There is more to be knowen by spittle then by Vrine likewise in a laxe or in a bloodie flixe or in a Colike or Iliacke there is more certaintie of iudgemente to bee geuen by egestion or ordure then is by vrine whiche thinges those that bee not altogether addicte so their own fantasie maie quickly by good reason be perswaded to credite For Vrine is nothyng els but the watrie and whaishe parte of the blood for it is strained from blood in the Liuer and sucked from thense into the raines from whens it distilleth doune into the bladder and so passeth forthe Since therefore vrine is the excremente that is separate from blood there is good cause why it should shewe the estate of the liuer and of blood in all partes of the bodie And also it can well declare the estate of soche members as it passeth by as of the raines the blader and soche like But certainlie in other diseases that bee out of the vaines and be distaunt froÌ„ the places by which the vrin passeth there is no certain iudgemente to bee geuen by the vrine vnlesse the vehemencie of the disease hath infected the blood or liuer after some sort Neuerthelesse soche is the ignoraunce of the common people that thei thinke him worthie of no estimacioÌ„ in Phisick whiche can not at the first sight of the vrin although it hath been caried .xx. miles tell whether it be a mannes water or a womaÌ„nes and how the disease greueth the paciente better then hymself also whether he shall liue or die what disease so euer it be whiche thinges vndoubtedly in diuerse diseases are impossible to be tolde by the onely sight of the vrine And therefore it is thought méete for hym that will minister Phisick duely and rightfullie First to se the pacient and to talke with hym or her
his body wherby he loseth moch bloud after it is healed he must nedes haue the like wouÌ„de again the next yeare to auoyde as moche bloud or els he is in daunger of great sickenes or of deathe Whiche opinion if I did affirme it to be true although it bee moste false yet I might vse the like reason and autoritee to defende it that the common people vse for theirs for they can saye nothing if they be asked why they thinke so but that they haue hearde manye saye soo Therefore I would wishe that no man should credite any longer this foolishe opinion being moste false onle she can shewe good reason for it whiche I am sure no manne can dooe Mary this I thinke that like as bloud letting is not good against al diseases so also it is not good in all persones but onely in those that will be content to vse afterwarde a moderate and conuenient diet Those therefore that doe abounde with bloude wilbe let bloud to preserue themselfes from the daunger of any disease that is like shortly to ensue and moleste them They must longtime after be contente to vse a moderate and conuenient diet for those whiche be vntemperate gluttonous in meates or great drinkers and wyne bibbers they do not only receiue no commoditie at all by bloud lotting but also often times they catche more hurte by it then they should haue hadde without it for in three or foure dayes space after they fill stuffe them selues with more rawe iuyces and humours by meanes of vnmeasurable diet then thei had before and often times thei dye through conuulcion And therefore note that there is soche force vertue in moderate diete to eschue decline diseases that without the obseruatioÌ„ of it bloud-letting is to no purpose And therefore if the commoÌ„ saiyng of the people be true in any body that they must be let bloud often if thei be ones let bloud it is onely true in soche as kepe an immoderate diet streight after bloud letting and therfore I counsaile all men to beware of excesse in eating and drinking after bloud lettyng Also note y t after bloud letting none ought to walke apace or to runne or to vse any vehement exercise but let him be quiet and reste him self vntill his spirites berefreshed and quieted againe Note also that none ought to slepe immediatly after bloudletting but let him kepe himselfe quiet watche auoydyng all contention and exercise of bodie and mynde About twoo houres after bloud letting there may a little foode be taken but let it be soche as wil make good iuice and nourishe a pace within .iiij. howers after bloud letting or somewhat afore it may be permitted to the patient to slepe so that it be prouided for and taken hede of that he turne him not vpon the arme where the vain was opened nor that he doe not loosen the bande and so lette the bloud flowe out again Afterward lette him vse a straight and sparing diet daily encreasing it by little and little vntill you be come to your accustomed diet And note that the morning is the metest tyme for blood lettyng when euery digestioÌ„ is perfectly finished and the superfluities and excrementes of eche of them auoided out whiche must be foreseen that thei bee so Or at the leaste in a time of necessitie the next apt time to let bloud is when the stomake is somwhat emptie that is sixe or eight houres after meate Thus moche for bloudletting Nowe for pourging whose vse and coÌ„modities I promised to declare It is to be noted that euery kinde of purgation hath that secrete vertue and propertie in it self that when it is receiued in a mans body and is prouoked to exercise the vertue that it hath by naturall heate labouring to digeste it then it draweth vnto it soche humour as it hath power and vertue to pourge And therfore a pourgation is an euacuatioÌ„ of vitious corrupt humours whiche trouble and moleste the bodie but not of all corrupte humours alike For eche pourging medicine doth draw vnto it one peculier propre humour that is either fleme or choler or melancholie or waterie humours And therefore those that be perfectly in health ought not to take a purgation since they doe not abounde with corrupt humours wherefore in those when the medicine findeth no soch superfluous humours as it hath vertue to drawe it consumeth and wasteth the bloud and the fleshe And for that cause hole folkes are not pourged by pourgations but rather consumed wasted for it is manifest hereby that pourgations be very perillous to them that bée in perfect health whiche thinge is testified also of Hippocrates in the .xxxvij. Aphorisme of his seconde booke where he saieth after this sorte Qui corpore bene se habent hos purgare periculosum est that is it is daungerous pourging of those that be in perfect health Also be cause eche pourging medicine hath vertue to drawe one peculier humour there is good hede to be takeÌ„ that soche a medicine bee ministred as hathe vertue to drawe the humour abounding and no other or els instede of moch good which it would do if it were conueniently ministred it may contrariwyse doe moche hurte According to the saiyng of Hipocrates in the last Aphorisme of his firste booke in this maner Si qua lia oportet purgari purgentur confert facile feruut sicontra difficulter that is if soche thinges be pourged as ought to be it profiteth and may easely be suffered but if it be contrariwyse it hurteth and may scarsely be borne wherefore ther ought diligent hede to be takeÌ„ in the receiuing of a purgation that it be ministred by a skilfull Phisicion that hathe certainly founde out what humour it is that haboundeth But alas the greatest noumber of the common people doe holde an opinion that if they may haue a medicine for a little money whiche wil prouoke them often to the stoole what humour soeuer it pourgeth out they are safe enough howebeit I would wishe theÌ„ hereafter alwayes to haue in minde this saiyng of the moste excellent Phisicion Hipocrates in the xxiij Aphorisme of the first booke Deiectionas non multitudine sunt estimande sed fi talia deijciantur qualia conueniunt that is egestions are not to be estemed for their great quantitie but if soche humours be pourged out as ought to be that is soch vitious and corrupt humours as doe abounde and be superfluous in mannes body There be diuerse thinges to be coÌ„sidered of a Phisition before he minister â—purgation as the qualitie of the humour the strengthe of the sicke the age the time of the yeare the disease The qualitie of the humoure is to be considered that he may knowe what kinde of humour is to be euacuate and pourged out for it must be onely that which troubleth the bodie with superfluous abouÌ„daunce thereof As if fleme doe
Coleworte 7. Camomill 8. Percely 9. Sage 10. Spinache 11. Violettes 12. Endiue 13. Succorie 14. Purselane 15. Peniroyall 16. Lauender 17. Burnet 18. Rosemarie 19. Roses 20. Rue 21. Tyme 22. Tansie 23. Hysope 24. Hartestoung 25. Strauberies 26. Fenell 27. Rocket 28. Cresses 29. Dragons 30. Cucumbers 31. Gourdes 32. Selandine 33. Clarie 34. Marigoldes 35. Langdebefe 36. Betonie 37. Germander 38. Daisies 39. Comferie 40. Motherworf 41. Sperage 42. Smalache 43. Orache 44. Sothernwod 45. Garlike 46. Onions 47. Leekes 48. Matoram 49. Greate Mallowes 50. Dill. 51. Flour de luce 52. Laurell 53. Liuer worte 54. Lilies 55. Louage 56. Mintes 57. Neppe 58. Filipenduia 59. Basill 60. Alisaunders 61. Berberies 62. Pionie 63. Poppie 64. Radishe 65. Balme 66. Vines 67. witer cheries 68. Valerian 69. Sauerie ¶ The .ix. Chapiter ¶ The vertue and temperamentes of soche herbes as be named in the former Chapiter 1. Borage Borago BOrage is hotte and moiste in the first degree it is a comfortatiue to the harte and the vital spirites The wine wherin Borage hath béen stieped beyng drounke doeth cause mirthe and gladnesse The flowers of Borage would bee gathered in Iulie and dried in the shadowe and kept close for thei are cordialles and dooe comforte the harte 2. Buglosse Buglossum BVglosse is of thesame temperature that Borage is of and thei bee in maner of like vertues A Iulep or decoction made of Buglosse or Borage doeth quenche thirste and prouoke vrine and thei are good againste diseases of the Liuer The floures of Buglosse would bee saued â—â—like like sorte as is before saied of Borage 3. Betes Beta BEtes bee of twoo sortes white and blacke white Betes do losen the bealie beyng taken in meane quantitee but either of them cause euill iuice and doe hurte the stomacke if thei be abundauntly eaten Thei nourishe but little Thei bee verie good againste obstruccions of the Liuer and Splene if thei bee eaten with Mustarde and Vineger specially the white Betes Thei are of a scouryng and abstersiue qualitie The iuice of them purgeth the hedde beyng put into the nosethrilles Thei are compted of some authours hote and drie in the third degree 4. Letuse Lactuca LEtuse of the Gardeine is colde and moiste in the first degree it is profitable to the stomacke it coleth it prouoketh slepe it maketh the bealie soluble it engendreth aboundauÌ„ce of milke it quencheth thirst it nourisheth moste when it is sodden And where as all other herbes engender verie little bloude and that vitious and naught also it is very good in Sallettes for a hotte stomacke The herbe it self and the séede thereof drunken abate carnall concupiscence But if Letuse be eaten verie often it hurteth the iye sight it causeth slepe The seede of Letuse is to be gathered in Auguste 5. Sorrell Acetosa SOrrel hath diuerse kindes It is couÌ„ted colde and drie in the seconde degree The brothe wherein Sorrell is sodden being receiued lowseth the bellie The sedes of it are restrictiue and therfore thei are good to be dronke against a laxe the bloudie flixe and fretting of the gultes and lothing of the stomack Also y e iuyce thereof being dronke is counted good to withstande poyson and infection of the pestilence 6. Coleworte Brassica OF Colewortes there be foure kindes They are hotte drye in the first degree The iuyce of Colewortes is of suche vertue that it will pourge But the herbe it selfe because of the drie substaunce of it both rather bynde and make costiue specially if it be sodden a while in one water and that being poured out well sodden in an other water The iuyce of theÌ„ pourge the head being put into the nosethrilles Being takeÌ„ after much drinking it withstandeth dronkennes The leaues being applied outwarde doe drie vp vlcers and skinne them Being eateÌ„ rawe with vinegre they are good for diseases of the Splene 7. Camomyll Chamomaelon CAmomill is hotte and drie in the first degrée it hath vertue to mollifie dissolue rarefie and losen therfore it mitigateth payne and profiteth against swelling werines It groweth best in a drie barrain grouÌ„d nighe to pathes The flowers are to bee gathered in June which are to be dried and kepte for medicines Also of the flowers and oyle Oliue is oyle of Camomil made whiche hath many good vertues specially to mittigate paine and to comforte and mollifie the synewes and ioyntes The decoction or iuyce of Camomill being dronkeÌ„ doth driue away feuers if the humours that causeth the Feuer be digested It is good for wyndines Colickes Stitches It prouoketh vrine and is good against the Stone 8. Percely Petroselinum PErcely is hote and drie in the thirde degrée the best groweth in stonie roughe places The seede of it is to be gathered in September it hath vertue bothe the leues rootes and seede to prouoke vrine to expell wyndines to helpe gripinges Coliques and it is profitable to the stomake and refresheth appetite making sweete breathe and clensinge of the raynes 9. Sage Saluia SAge is hote and drie in the seconde degree it is somewhat restrictiue and binding The decoction of the leaues of sage being droÌ„ke doth prouoke vrine This herbe being applied to woundes stauncheth the bloud of theÌ„ And it hath vertue to pourge foule Vlcers 10. Spinache Spinacia SPinage is colde and moiste in the first degree it will growe plenteously in any grounde it may be sowen in September It mollifieth maketh soluble the bellie if the brothe wherein it is sodden be eaten it is vnprofitable to the stomake causing vomet engendring wynde 11. Violettes Violae VIolettes are colde in the firste degrée and moiste in the secoÌ„d The flowers of Violettes would be gathered and reserued in Marche Violettes haue vertue to coole and therefore they are good to be applied vpon an inflamed stomake and vpon inflamations of the eyes and of the foundament Generally they are good to be applied vppon all outwarde apostumations and swellinges that bee hote Being applied vnto the forehead or smelled vnto they prouoke slepe and cease head ache comming of heate 12. Endiue Endiuia ENdiue is colde in the second degree and drie in the firste It is good for the stomake if it be eaten with Vineger After it is sodden it causeth costiuenes It taketh awaye obstructions and stoppinges it represseth the boyling of bloud and taketh awaye inflamations of the liuer This herbe comforteth and strengtheneth the liuer 13. Succory Cichoria SVccorie is of the same temperature and hath like qualities that Endiue hathe they are good herbes to be vsed in brothes and decoctions in hote feuers and in the Iaundis 14. Purcelane Porruiaca PVrcelane is cold in the third degree and moiste in the seconde it is good to be applied outwardly for head ache and for inflammation of the eies and for al hote diseases or inflamations of any parte of the bodie It is good
for a hote and inflamed stomake it abateth carnall luste And it is good against fluxes of bloud and it helpeth the teeth that be astoined if it be chawed 15. Penyroyall Pulegium PEnyroyall is hote and drie in the thirde degree it will growe best in watrie groundes being ones set it will continue long It is good against a colde stomake that is combred with flewme for it doeth extenuate and cut the flewme digesting it and heating the stomake And it is good also against grose tough flewme contained in the breste and lungues It pourgeth melancholie somewhat it refresheth the spirites being smelled vnto with Vineger 16. Lauender Lauendula LAuender is hote and drie in the seconde degree It groweth best in stonie places wher y t Sunne shyneth muche It flourisheth in Iune Iulie it is good against paine in the stomake comming of colde against wyndines and against paine of the wombe it taketh away hardenes of the Splene and obstructions of the liuer It is good against the Strangury it healeth and drieth the head if it bee layde to it outwardly 17. Burnet Sanguisorba BVrnet is colde drie and restrictiue It is good agaist bloudie fluxes being dronken in wyne or water and to stoppe laxes 18. Rosemary Rosmarinus ROsemary is hote drie in the thirde degree The fume of it is good to cease the cough and reume And also it being burned in a house correcteth pestilent ayre also it comforteth the braine the memorie and the harte It is good against trembling of the members and against Palseis 19. Roses Rosa ROses are colde and drie moderatly they doe coole and binde but specially being dried the sauoure of theim is cōfortable to hote braines They are good against feuers engendred of choler thei strengthen the stomake and the liuer 20. Rue Ruta RVe is hote and drie in the third degree it loueth sonny and drie places it doeth heate exulcerate and prouoke vrine it bindeth the bealy it is an Antidote for poisons being taken with walnuttes and drie figges it destroieth carnall lust it dissolueth wyndines it drieth and perceth very much it is good against paine of the huckle bone and ioyntes and for shaking feuers 21. Time Thymus TYme is hote and drie in the third degree it will growe in barraine groūde If it be mixed with hony and eaten it louseth the touch fleme in the brest lunges It prouoketh vrine it healeth the bodie scoureth the gutts from fleme it dissolueth wyndines and is holsome in brothes and sauces for haile folke 22. Tansey Tanacetum TAnsie is hote in the seconde degree and drie in the first It is good to dissolue wyndines of the stomake and guttes and to kil wormes in the belly expelling them out It is vsed also to prouoke vrine and to breake the stone of the reynes 23. Hysope Hysopus HYsope is hote drie in the thirde degree It is good against olde coughes distillatiōs of the lunges Shortnes of breath stopping of y t lunges with tough cold fleme for it is hote hath vertue to extenuate and deuide If it be eatē with grene figges it purgeth fleme downwarde but taken with hony and water warme it causeth vomite 24. Hartestounge Scolopendria HArtestunge it is hote in the first degrée and in the second It groweth best in shadowe places and stony This herbe is restrictiue bitter and therfore being dronken with vineger it helpeth the splenetike folke that is such as haue diseases of y ◠splene 25. Straweberies Fragaria STraweberies be cold moist moderatly but the leaues are colde and drie The truite of theim quenche thirste and bée profitable for the stomake specially if it bee colerike The iuyce of Strawberies is good for vlcers of the face The decoction of the herbe rote is good for sore mouthes and to consolidate vlcers and to stoppe a fluxe 26. Fenell Feniculum FEnell is hote in the thirde degrée and drie in the first This herbe being eaten causeth womens pappes to be full of milke likewise doth the seade of it being dronken or sodden with ptisan The rootes and seede doe prouoke vrine and dissolue wyndines it taketh awaye obstructions and maketh swete breath 27. Rocket Eruca ROcket is hote and drie in the thirde degrée This herbe is vsed in sallettes to be vsed with Letuse for they be of contrary natures because Letuse abateth but Rocket stirreth vp carnall lust specially being eaten aboundauntly rawe The séede of it prouoketh vrine and helpeth digestion it is windie and causeth head ache being eaten alone 28. Cresses Nasturtium GArdeine Cresses be hoote and drie in the fourth degrée specially the seede thereof it dothe heate muche it is enemy to the stomake it diminisheth the splene it prouoketh carnall luste it is like in operation to mustarde seede and Rocket and it is good against falling of heare 29. Dragons Dracunculus maior DRagons it is hoote and drie in the seconde degrée it groweth in shadowe hedges best The roote of it doth purge all the inwarde partes specially by extenuating grosse thicke humours it is also good against coughes distillacions shorte breathinges and ruptures being mixed with hony 30. Cucumbers Cucumiris CVcumbers be cold and moiste in the seconde degree they be best in a fat ground and in sonny places but they must be often watered They waxe rype in Iulie they are good for the stomake for they coole and doe not easely corrupt Their séedes ar worthely to be saued for they are good for many hote diseases If they be taken with milke they be good for exulcerations of the reines and bladder also thei prouoke vrine But if Cucumbers bee not well digested they breede euill humours in the body Melons and Pepōs be of the same nature 31. Gourdes Cucurbita GOurdes be colde and moiste in the seconde degrée they loue waterie and moist groundes If they be eaten rawe they bee vnpleasaunt and very hurtful to the stomake and wil not be digested thei slack thirste But if thei bee sodden bake or fried they minister to the body colde and moiste nourishement and that in little quātitie for because of their slipperines they passe sone out of the body yet being so vsed they be easy of digestion and doe prouoke vrine 32. Selandine Chaelidonia SElandine is hoote and drie in the thirde it groweth in shadowe places The iuyce of it mixed with hony and sodden in a brasen vessell is good against dimnes of the sight Some vse the roote of it for the Iaundice comming of obstructions of the liuer sething it in whyte wyne with Anise séedes and then drinking the decoction If it be chewed it is good for paine in the téeth 33. Clarie Harmiuu◠CLarie is hote and meanely drie it is of vertue to prouoke carnal lust specially the séede of it drōke with wyne If it be