out with the Blood and the Air is likewise by them received in to Cool the Body In Antient tâ—…nes and the daies of Yore it was a Part of Sooth saying to view the blood which flowed from their sacrifices which if it appeared pure and laudable it was a token of happy and joyful success iâ— bad and corrupted it was an ill sign according to Lucan Nec Cruor emicuit solitus sed Vulnere Largo Effluxit nigâ—um rutilo pro sanguine Virus That is No usual Blood did spring from the large Wound But black and Venemous for Red and found The Medicinal Consideration Seeing the Veins are the Cisterns of blood it comes here to be considered how The conditions of good Blood the blood ought to be qualified in sound bodies that so we may be able to judg of that which is corrupâ—… Now inbodies that are healthy the blood is Red Fibrous and has a smal quantity of Wheyâ—â—h Watermingled with it Whether the Eabres are made of an earthy and flegmatick matter which is drawn How the Fibres in the Blood are brâ—â—â— out into threds within the Channels or greater Veins and is made smaller in the lesser Veins many doubt supposing the four Humors to be conteined in the Mass of blood Some admit of blood but severed from the other Humors which in the first Region are separated from the blood Others distinguish the Alimentary Humors from the Excremenâ—â—tions the former are confused and mingled with the Blood the latter are to be seen collected in several Parts as Choler in the Gall-bladder Melancholy in the Spleen and Flegm is diffused through al the Parts of the Region of the belly notwithstanding Hippocrates acknowledged two fountains of Flegm the Head and the Stomach Now the Quality or temper of blood is hot and moist It s Quantity cannot be The natural Temper of the Blood Quantity of the Blood defined The Arabian Physicians especially Avicenna do write that in a Sanguine body wel constituted there are twenty four pounds of blood so that a Man may bleed twenty pounds and live but if he bleed more Death follows inevitably That which preserves our life is likewise the occasion of Death for as good Blood in a moderate quantity preserves our life so the same being vitiated or too much in quantity is the Cause of Sickness and Death it seâ—â— When blood offends in quality it is termed Cacochymia when in quantity Cacochymia Plethora what they are it 's called Plethora Somtime the blood is corrupted and not the Serum oâ— Wheyish Water Somtime the serum is corrupt and the blood remaines found Now the serum or Wheyish Water being corrupted is the worst Humor in the body grievously infecting weakening and destroying such parts as are therewith diseased Some Practitioners do make it a Question Whether in the Veins every Humor has its own proper Serum or not I beleeve that there is but one kind Corruption of the Serum of Serum which according to the several degrees of its Corruption and Tincture appears somtimes yellow and Cholerick somtimes green and livid or black and blue somtimes Melancholick and somtimes Milky Aristotle counts the Blood corrupted when it is changed into Serum Somtimes the Putrefaction of Blood is so great that the whol Mass is turned into a rotten putrefied Serum When the Corruption of blood is yet greater somtimes Worms are bred Worms breed in the blood therein which I have seen come away in the opening of a Vein Such a Worm being bred in the Veins may somtimes flow into the right Ear of the Heart and grow Heart eaten by worms bred in the blood great and at length gnaw and eat upon the Heart as has been often observed in the Dissection of dead Bodies The Veins have in them a Retentive Faculty whereby they hold fast the Blood Retentive faculty of the Veins being lost what follows within themselves which Faculty being perished they suffer the blood to leak out through al the parts of the Body yea even to sweat out as I have seen in some Patients But more often it flows out immediately by the Nostrils Mouth Lungs Guts Bladder by the Womb and by vomiting I have divers times seen in malignant burning Feavers that the blood has been Blood congealed congealed within the Veins like unto the pith of an Elder stick which has been noted by Fernelius in his Physiologia Aretaeus writes That the Vena Cava is somtimes inflamed and thereupon Vena Cava inflamed comes to break which I have seen my self to happen The Trunk of Vena Cava cannot be dilated so long as the blood circulates freely Neither is it subject to swellings termed Varices which are wont to happen only in the Veins of the Thighs and Legs Of the Diseases of this Vein and of the Blood contained therein there is a twofold Cure of the diseases of Vena Cava and the blood twofold Purgation Blood-letting Cure Purgation and Blood-letting but blood-letting is more necessary of the two in a Plethora either ad vasa or ad vires or in a Plethorick Cacochymia or in a very great and putrid Cacochymia that a portion of the extreamly corrupted blood may be taken away Blood-letting takes away such Obstructions as are caused by blood but not those that are caused by Humors congested in some part of the Body and therefore that same Euroâ—a so often mentioned that freeness of passage caused by blood-letting must be understood of the motion and free passage of the blood through the Veins and not of the removal of an Humor that is gathered together and wedged fast into any part of the body Iâ— blood-letting cannot be put in practice the Question is Whether Purgation If blood may be lessened by other waies beside bloodlessing alone may supply its place according to Galens Opinion in his Book de Sanitate tuenda or spare eating exercising the body frictions sweating I suppose where there is no Feaver the blood may be diminished by the means aforesaid and also by such Medicaments as draw the Serum out of the Veins for so the Veins being emptied the rest of the body may be extenuated and this is observed and put in practice in such Nations where the People are afraid of blood-letting Howbeit to open a Vein twice or thrice is a more speedy and safe Remedy Forasmuch as Sylvius and Carolus Stephanus have written that there is a Valve A Valve in Vena Cava within the Liver by the Trunk of the Vena Cava which hinders the blood from returning back Conringius saies that it is to be found in Oxen. This favors that Opinion of the bloods being carried from the Liver unto the Heart It seems to me that Nature has placed that Valve that the filth of the mass of blood should not It s use flow back into the Liver and obstruct the same which filth either she carries by some way
dangerously sick and there upon warily to give their Aurum Potabile or som such other Medicine as a cordial and restorer of strength until Nature being freed from al disturbance of Physick begins to gather strength and then they take opportunity to give a gentle Vomit which Purges serous or such like Excrements up and down In very many Diseases Hippocrates saies 't is better to be quiet than to do any thing that is 't is better to leave the work to Nature than to give any Medicament And if the Physitian knew that he is the Servant and Assistant of Nature he would cure more Patients than he does See Valesius upon the 19. Text of Sect. 2. of the 6. Book of Hippocrates Epidemicks Sluggishness of the Belly and impurity of the Vessels brings al into confusion Hippocrates Chap. 24. Of the Liver THe Liver which is the Instrument of making Blood consists of a Substance Substance of the Liver It s Color proper to it self fitted and ordained to that end for it is like congealed blood and therefore red and the same color it imprints upon the blood howbeit the Liver of some Fishes is of another Color viz. green black yellow as Saffron in which Creatures the blood receives its red color by passing through the substance of the Heart But in Men and other living Creatures which have the two Veins distinct called Blood where and how made Porta and Cava the whol Mass of blood is wrought in the Liver but one part thereof less perfect than the rest is by the Vena Porta distributed among those Parts which serve to nourish the Body another part being conveighed by the Vena Cava is perfected in the Heart of which is made the Arterial blood which is distributed to al the parts and afterwards is transmitted into the Veins that so in a Circular motion it may pass again into the Heart that by its flux it may maintain the perpetual motion of the Heart as the Wheels of a Mil are continually turned about by force of the Wind or Water-fal Such blood is furnished to those parts which having sence and motion depend upon the Brain or Heart The Liver is a T. a. f. 10. 1. D. T. 4. f. 1. A B. â–¡ scituate in the right Hypochondrium under the bastard or short Scituation of the Liver Bigness Ribs and fils with its bulk al that Cavity to the Sword-like Cartilage Somtimes it is so enlarged as to exceed those Natural Bounds and then it rests upon the Stomach reaching as far as the Spleen and descends three or four fingers breadth below the bastard or short Ribs which happens partly through relaxation of the bands wherewith it is bound to the Midrif and short Ribs partly through swelling of the Liver it self over loaded with Nutriment In Man-kind there is one single Liver which is not divided into Lobes or Fingers Number as in bruit Beasts yet there is a certain b T. 4. f. 5. C. â–¡ Cleft to be seen where the Umbilical c f. 1. a. f. 5. B. T. 2. f. 10. G. â–¡ Vein creeps into the Liver and many times two little Lobes or Laps are d T. 4. f. 4. A A. â–¡ seated Lobes or laps under the greater ones somtimes there is only e f. 5. B. â–¡ one which being hollowed receives the Trunk of Vena f f. 5. I. â–¡ Porta which is included in a Duplication of the Omentum or Call that the Excrements of the Liver might be derived thither Although the Liver be one continued Substance yet Anatomists divide the same Two Regions of the Liver into two Regions the one superior and exterior the other inferior and internal The superior or upper is called the g f. 1. B. f. 4. A A. â–¡ Gibbous or bunching part of the Liver the inferior is called the h f. 1. A. f. A A. â–¡ hollow part of the Liver Into the upper Region the Vena Its Vessels i f. 4. D D. â–¡ Cava sprinkles its Roots into the nether Region the Vena k f. 5. I. c. â–¡ Porta sows abroad its Suckers Besides these Roots there are observable certain Branches of the Channel of Choler dispersed among the Roots of Vena Porta and certain little twigs of the Milky Veins which neer the Trunk of Porta do enter into the Cavity of the Liver m T. 9. f. 1. a a a a. â–¡ l f. 15. H. â–¡ It is the mind of Physitians that both these Regions ought diligently to be observed Diversity of the Regions to be observed in practice because in either of these Regions the morbifick matter may be contained which is diversly to be purged according as it possesses the one or other Region for as much as the bunching part of the Liver is purged by the Kidneys through the Vena Cava the hollow part is purged by the Guts by means of the Branches of Porta which are terminated in the Guts conveighing blood and the evil humors of the Liver I have seen Impostumes in the bunching part when the hollow part has not been at al tainted and on the other side I have seen the hollow part impostumated without any detriment to the bunching part Howbeit inasmuch as I cannot see those two Regions separated so much as by a Membrane I cannot beleeve that one part can be sick and the other sound unless the morbifick humor be contained within the Pipes of the little Veins Many Anatomists do affirm that the Roots of Vena Cava and Vena Porta do Whether the Roots of Cava and Poâ—â—â— are united in the liver meet together and are united one unto another by many Anastomoses others deny that there is any such Conjunction among which I willingly acknowledg my self for one and give my voyce on their side my Reasons I have els-where laid down and Nature would have it so that natural and vicious Humors might not be confusedly jumbled together in the Liver You shal observe how the Vein which is taken for Cava takes its rise out of How blood is distributed from the Liver the upper part of the Liver and is inserted into the Trunk of Cava neer the midrif that the Cava may forth with powr out the blood which it hath received from the Liver or rather transmit the same into the neighboring Heart scituate only two or three fingers breadths off and inclosed in the Pericardium which cleaveth circularly to the Nervous Centre of the Diaphragma whereby thou maiest perceive that the greater part of the blood goes into the right Ventricle of the Heart that it may become Arterial by a double Circulation Particular and General A double Circulation of the blood I cal that the particular Circulation which is made from the right Ventricle of the Heart through the midst of the Lungs so as that the blood comes again into the left Ventricle of the Heart The general
between the Hammer and the Anvil as the Proverb is but between two Hammers wherewith they are beat upon and hurt on both sides whil the Head distils upon the Lungs and the Liver affords impure or over plentyful Blood unto the Heart whichthe Heart spues and casts back into the Lungs whereby they are infected and overwhelmed Which infection of the Lungs springs not from the Heart but from the distempered and ill disposed Bowels which suggest unto the Heart very impure blood whose vitiousness the Heart is not able to correct save after many Circulations In the mean whil the Lungs are greivously offended by the foresaid blood passing The chief Diseases of the Lungs through the substance thereof for they are subservient unto the Heart as it were in the Nature of an Emunctory Emissary or Common-shore whiles the filth of the Heart flowes unto the Lungs with the Blood whereupon the Lungs are subject to sundry Diseases For they are troubled with an hot or cold distemper with a Cholerick and Distemper Inflamation Consumtion Flegmatick Tumor and a frequent Inflammation called Peripneumonia or at least with an inflammatory disposition also with Impostumes and Ulcers which bring the Consumption for from spitting of Blood comes spitting of quitter and from thence the Consumption Also they are subject to a certain kind of Push or rising which in the end Push Vomica turnes into a secret mischievous Impostum termed Vomica of which few escape If the Quitter be derived from the Lungs into the Heart unless it pass readily into the Aorta it suddainly choakes or stifles the Patient If it be carried into the right ventricle it Causes the greater danger because it cannot be so easily Purged out Furthermore the Lungs are obstructed in the Asthma either perpetual or coming Asthma by fits which causes difficulty of breathing which as it is more or less is distinguished with different names The lesser is termed Dyspnea the greater It s Kinds when the Patien cannot breath save standing or sitting upright is termed Orthopnaea Oftentimes the Patient is vexed also with a cough which is somtimes moderate Cough and somtimes vehement with great wheezing and ready to choak the Patient which Springs from a cruel feirce Catarrh or sudden and plentyful Defluxion Whereupon by reason of the extreme troublesomness of the Cough which shakeâ— the Lungs there arises that disposition termed Spadon Vasorum or a dilatation of the Vessels being a dangerous and formidable â—ort of Aâ—eâ—risma In the Peripneumonia or Inflammation of the Lungs there is no smal dispute Whether Blood-letting is good in these Cases about Blood-letting for it is written that Blood must be drawn from the common Veins Now there is none of those Veins which are usually opened that communicates with the Veins of the Lungs neither are there any branches distributed from the Vena Cava into the Lungs which has by Galen in many places been disputed against Erasistratus The motion likewise of Nature shewes the same for whereas in Diseases of the Bowels and in burning Feavers the Crisis is wont to happen by bleeding at the Note in a Peripneumonia there is no such Crisis because the Veins of the Nose from whence blood is wont to Issue have no Communion with the Lungs If it be true that Blood naturally does pass from the right Ventricle of the Heart unto the Lungs that it may be brought into the left Ventricle and from thence into the Aorta and if the Circulation of the Blood be acknowledged who sees not that in Diseases of the Lungs the blood flowes thither in greater quantity than ordinary and oppresses the Lungs unless it be first liberally taken away and afterwards Affermed at several times a little at a time be let out to ease the said Lungs which was the advice of Hippocrates who when the Lungs were swelled did take blood from al Parts of the Body from the Head Nose Tongue Armes Feet that the quantity thereof might be diminished and the Course thereof drawn from the Lungs He himself in Diseases of the Lungs bids us draw blood til the Body were Blood-less and in one that had a Consumption when he saw that the corruption of the Blood infected and corrupted the Lungs he took away blood in so great a quantity that the Patients body remained quite empty of the same in a manner Supposing that the Blood circulates the Lungs are easily emptied by Phlebotomy If the Circulation be denied I cannot see how blood may be from thence drawn back for if it should flow back by the Vena a T. 11. f. 2. E E G. â–¡ Arteriosa into the b T. 11. f. 3. D D. â–¡ right Ventricle the c T. 11. f. 4. B B B. â–¡ Sigma shaped Valves do hinder it and the d T. 11. f. 3. C C C. three forked little Valves do hinder the recourse thereof from the right Ventricle of the Heart into the Vena Cava And therefore when the Veins of the Armes and Feet are opened blood is drawn from the Lungs by reason of the Circulation thereof and consequently the Opinion of Fernelius comes to nothing namely that in Diseases of the Lungs blood should be taken rather from the right Arm than the left because the blood cannot return into the Vena Cava save by breaking two doors and Bolts placed in the Heart Ulcers of the Lungs do often happen by reason of a fierce cough caused by very Some Causes of Consumption of the Lungs sharpe Serosities or by spitting of Blood which if it come from an opening of the mouthes of the Veines by reason of Aboundance of blood it is not so much to be feared as when it proceeds from eating asunder the Coats of the Veins by the acrimony of Humors Nature in this case out of Pitty that our life might be preserved haâ— distinguished Why the Lungs are distinguished into Lobes or Laps the Lungs into divers pipes and sundry Lobes Laps or Scollups that the infection might not spread over the whol Body of the Lungs which is usual in al continued or evenly united bodies And therefore we see many that have Ulcers in their Lungs do live long if they have but an indifferent Care of themselves If the Circulation of the blood be allowed so that it passes often through the A twofold Circulation of the Blood Lungs not through the Septum Medium or Partition-Wal of the Heart we must maintain a two fold Circulation of the blood the one is performed by the Heart and Lungs whiles the blood spirting from the right Ventricle of the Heart is carried through the Lungs that it may come unto the left Ventricle of the Heart for it is squirted out of the Heart and returnes thither again the other is a longer Circulation by which the blood flowing from the left Ventricle of the Heart compasses the whole body by the Arteries and Veins that it may
and Guts 4. That within the Liver it hath either very smal or no Communion at al by its Roots with the Roots of the Vena Cava and therefore each Vein carries its Communion peculiar Blood The blood of the Vena Porta is thick and nourisheth the parts of the first Region The blood of the Vena Cava is subtile fit for circulation which nourisheth the parts of the second and third Region 5. That the branches of the Vena Porta within the Liver are larger than those of the Vena Cava if that do arise from thence Largâ—… 6. That in a Diseased body it is usually filled with Caco-Chymia which whether it ought to be emptied by breathing a Vein a man may wel make a scruple lest the Circulation of blood infect the whol Mass 7. Whether the Vena Porta after two or three Evacuations by the Arm may not better be purged by the Hemorrhoids or opening a Vein in one of the Evacuation Feet 8. That al impurities of the Belly are contained in this Vein from whence come terrible obstructions of the Spleen and Mesenterium Obstructions 9. That there are no Shutters found in this Vein as there are in the branches of the Vena Cava 10. That the Vena Porta hath waies whereby it disburdens it self as the Veins of the Hemorrhoids its reflux into the great Artery by the Caeliacal and Vomiting of Blood against Nature in Plethorick Bodies Chap. 22. Of the Caeliacal Artery THis is a branch of the great Artery descending and accompanies the branches Original of the VenaPorta for look how many branches the Vena Porta is divided into so many also is the a T. 12. f. 2. p. q. r. â–¡ Caeliacal Artery divided which notwithstanding hath Pulse from the heart and follows the motion thereof as other Arteries do but seeing his blood injoyes not the benifit of circulacion as other Arteries do so that it seems like a seperated Artery Somtimes his motion is hindered when there Motion is an Inflamation in the Abdomen the rest of the Aâ—â—eries gently mooving as is often observed in Hypocondriack Melancholy and other inflamations of the Hypocâ—ondrium Notwithstanding it hath Communion with the Vena Porta by mutual conjunction Anastomosis of their mouths by which means there is a conflux of blood between them whereby the vital Spirit of the Abdomen is preserved This Pulâ—ation or Palpitation was known to Hippocrates in Lib. 7. Epid. In that History of his about the pulsation of the belly neer the Navel and in his Prâ—gnosticks he makes mention of the same If the Veins about the Midrife â—eat they foreshew either trouble of mind or Madness The Caeliacal Artery in Hippocrates Book of the Diseases of Women is called the breathing place of the inferior Belly See Duretus in Coacis Page 183. The b f. 2. t. Splenical Artery is notable which is not brought by the Sweet-bread Doctrine of the Splenical Artery but creeps along the Longitude of the Diaphragma neer the back bone it is as big as the Splenical Vein but Ambiguous in his progress and gives no branches to the Parts neer it It is inserted into the Spleen by a double branch as the Splenical Vein is and therefore when the Caeliacal Artery is taken away it is in vain to look for the Splenical for there remains none but two or three sinal Arteries which pass to the Stomach From the Splenical Artery neer the Spleen pass two smal Arteries to the Stomach From this faithful and true relation you may easily know how malignant Vapours are carried from the Spleen and Mesenterium to the Heart whence in Plaâ—tus he complained that he had a Splenitick Heart it leaped and beat his Brest Chap. 23. Of the Stomach THe Stomach is the Kitchin of the first Concoction it consists of proper Membranes Membranes of the Stomach and one a T. 12. f. 2. t. common one which it receivs from the Peritoneum The b T. 3. f. 4. C C. internal is rugged and hairy like a peice of Silk The c T. 3. f. 4. E. External is fleshy that it may receive the heat of the Bowels which lie upon it to wit of the Liver and Spleen which heat it And that it may the more easily compress and hold together the internal it hath a threefold sort of strings which strengthen it to that end and also when it is slackened with store of Meat they do contract it again so soon as the digested Aliment is forced out of the Stomach It s Scituation It is b T. 2. f. 10. C. Scituate between the Liver and the Spleen as it were between two fires bending a little towards the left Hypochondrium if the Spleen hold its natural bigness otherwise when the Spleen is bigger than ordinary it thrusts the Stomach Its Size into the middle The greatness of the Stomach cannot be exactly defined because being empty and exhaust if strong it is so contracted that it is no bigger than a mans Fist Being stretched and widened with store of Beily Cheaâ— it wiâ— containe six pints of Drink with a Pound or two of Meat as is daily seen in Gluttons and Toss-Pots There is but one Stomach in Mankind which is somtimes divided according to Number the Longitude into two Cavities which have their Ingress and Egress like the Stomachus and Pylorus And such persons do vomit with great difficulty and when they do they cast up Excrementitious Humors without that broth which they took the same moment Shal we say the separating faculty can work so quick or rather that the broath is slipt down into the Lower division of the Stomach from whence it cannot easily returne because of the narrowness of the upper Orifice If the Stomach be single and rightly shaped it is of a longish Spherical Figure Figure and is compared to the Belly of a Bag-Pipe setting aside the Oesophagus and Guts The Egress of the Stomach is equal in height unto its Ingress that is to say the Two Orifices two Orifices thereof are equal in height least the Meat and Drink should slip through before they be digested and then being digested by the strength of the Stomach Contracting it self the Pylorus is opened and the Chylus sent into the Gut The Ingress or upper a T. 3. f. 2. H. f. 4. A. Orifice of the Stomach is in a special manner termed The upper Somachus being the Seat of Hunger and Thirst because it is crowned with two Nerves called b f. 2. F G. Stomachici Nervi and is consequently of an Exquisite sense The lower Orifice is called c f. 2. K. f. 4. B. Pylorus in which you shal observe a Valve The Lower round in shape and as visible and remarkable as the Valve in the Gut Colon. This Valve is to hinder the Chyle from returning back again into the Stomach Besides these two Orifices in
conceives he has so sufficiently establshed his Opinion that no wise man can contradict him Shal I venter my Opinion among so many learned Champions I conceive that the Spleen does attract slimy Blood to nourish it self and that The Authors Opinion it sheds a special kind of fermentative Serosity through the Splenick Arteries into the Stomach and because its Parenchyma or substance is of a Spongy and soaking Nature it does by the Veins attract and suck out the superfluous humidity of the Stomach that the Coction may be the better Howbeit I deny not but that it may by Accident supply the Office of the Liver when the same hath lost its faculty of Sanguification but Blood cannot be made so good and perfect in the Spleen as in the Liver seeing it is but a bastard Liver and consequently makes but bastard Blood and impure because not Clarified Hofman makes himself Ridiculous while he eagerly contends in a little Book Hofmans Opinion of the Spleens Sanguification examied which he has put forth and up and down in his other writings that the muddy part of the Chylus is carried by the Mesaraick Arteries unto the Spleen where it is turned into Blood with which the neighbouring Parts are nourished and that the Excrements of this Blood are voided by Urins Stool and Sweat That good Old Man is to learn that the thicker Parts of the Chyle are not sucked out but separated and sent away into the greater Guts and that the Mesaraick Arteries cannot do as he saies because they containe Arterial Blood neither do they reach any of them to the Spleen because it has a peculiar Artery which Arantius first described and which I my self have often shown Again he ought to have rejected the Milky Veins of Asellius which he allowes of seeing none of them reach unto the Spleen Furthermore that same bastard and impure Blood bred of muddy Blood by a bastard Liver wil be unfit to nourish the neighbouring Parts which serve for Coction though they appear filthy for they need to be nourished with pure Blood for their preservation The Cholerick Melancholick and Wheyish Excrements of the said Blood cannot be Purged away but by Veins and Arteries the Arterics are allready taken up with carrying the muddy Parts of the Chyle They must therefore of necessity be carried by the Splenick Vein into the liver that they may be voided through the Guts or by the Kidnies which would breed very great confusion in the Liver If Hofman had considered that the substance of the Spleen is unlike the substance of the Liver its bigness different its number uncertain Color divers Scituation variable because somtimes it sinkes down to the Hypogastrium more often ascends towards the Midrif somtimes descends upon the left Kidney the Ligaments being slackned and lastly its shape quite contrary to that of the Liver and somtimes there is no Spleen at all also that the structure of the Vessels of the Spleen is altogether unlike that of the Vessels of the Liver he would never have so stifly affirmed that that the Spleen made a peculiar kind of Blood out of the Chylus Nature does in none of the Bowels more sport her self than in her shaping of the Spleen so variously and unconstantly But the Structure of those Bowels which are necessary to the maintenance of life is allwaies one and the same and uniform Furthermore you may know that the substance of the Liver spleen are unlike by boyling the one and the other for the substance of the Liver is firme sollid and Reddish that of the Spleen is Spungy soft and black and blue in Color The substance of the Liver of Animals boiled as of an Ox a Sheep a Goat is eaten with content the substance of the Spleen is not Mans meat neither will other Creatures eat it unless they be very hungry But if the Office of the Spleen and Liver were the same in Brute as wel as in Men they should have both alike substance and breed the same blood Where will you find a place to clense away Choler in the Spleen as their is in the Liver If the Spleen draw the more thick Part of the Chyle it ought to have larger Veins but they are exceeding smal like unto threds Wherefore Hofman does foolishly to enquire the Dioti or Cause why it is so before he knows the Hoti that it is so which ought to go before and be diligently enquired into when the natural Action of Parts is sought after because the natural Constitution is Compounded and accommodated thereunto What cannot an ingenious Wit imagine But al such speculations are ridiculous and void unless they are approved by the Eye and confirmed by diligent Section and Inspection of Bodies See Aristotle in the third book of his Politicks at the beginning of the 8. Chapter who wil there instruct thee If Hofman had known out of Aristotle that such living Creatures as drink have a Spleen Reins and Bladder he had more truly expounded that passage of Aristotle out of Hippocrates of the true sence whereof he glories The Spleen drawes out of the Belly superfluous humidities it self being constituted of blood The Medicinal Consideration The Substance of the Spleen is liable to alkinds of Distemper and to divers Diseases of the Spleen in Substance swellings especially that kind of hard swelling which is termed Scirrhus Somtimes it is inflamed and then the substance thereof is perceived to pant by reason of the Multitude of Arteries of which it is ful It seldom impostumates It s Coat does oftentimes grow thick and becomes Cartilaginous It often grows great by abundance of Humors and grows â—â—al again somtime Magnitude of it self and somtime by use of Medicines It is better that the Spleen be smal than great A double or triple Spleen is not good because it is a fault in the Conformation Number The Scituation of the Spleen is somtimes changed when its Ligaments being Scituation slackened its weight bears it downwards or they being broke it fals into the Hypogastrium or Parts beneath the Navel and then it deceiveth unskilful and heedless Physitians who in Women take it for a Mole or for a Scirrhus Tumor of the Womb and in Men for a sort of Glandulous Tumor which lies hid in the Mesentery In four patients it has been my hap to see the Spleen on this manner fallen down into the Belly Somtimes one or other of the Kidnies is seen to fal down in the same manner Difference of the Spleen and Kidney when fallen but it is easie to know the one from the other When the Kidney is fallen the swelling is round when the Spleen is fallen the Tumor is oblong and an emptiness is perceived on the left side under the short Ribbs And if the Tumor be movable as it is at first the Spleen or Kidney is easily reduced unto its Natural place The Câ—â—â— of both otherwise after the space of six
months it sticks so fast to the Peritoneum before to the bottom of the Bladder to the Guts and in Women to the Womb that it must of necessity putrifie in that place which it wil the sooner do if either you give the patient Emollient Medicines inwardly or apply them outwardly If you would prolong the patients life you must often let blood and beare up the Tumor with a truss or Swathe band What if the Spleen fal from its natural place shal we sear and burn it with a red hot Iron when it slips into the Belly shal we take that Course with it It is a ticklish and dangerous peice of work notwithstanding Old Farriers or Horse Doctors have written that the Spleen has been by that means consumed in Horses and in some poor slaves on whom they durst Experiment so cruel a Remedy Much more dangerous it is by opening the left Hypochondrium to take away the Spleen neither can its thick superfluous Humors be safely disolved by heating the same I should by such a practise sear a contusion after which an incurable suppuration of the whol substance would undoubtedly follow There is none of the Bowels which in Diseases does more change its shape Somtime Figure its long somtime foursquare somtimes round according as it finds room to dilate it self in when it rests upon the Stomach it does much hurt and disturbe the action thereof Communion and if it be fastened to the Midrif is oppresses the same or if it reach thither in its Bulk it hinders the free Motions thereof Upon the Spleen obstructed depend the Black Jaundice Hypochondriacal Melancholy Obstructed what Diseases it Causes the ill Colors of Virgins and other Women The Scurvy or Hippocrates his great Spleens out of which flowes a Malignant Wheyish Humor which being spread into divers Parts of the Body does in the Mouth cause Stomacace or Oscedo a sorenes with loosness of the Teeth c. In the Thighs Scelotyrbe a soreness with spots and wandring pains through the whol body which are either fixed and abiding in certain Parts which we cal Rheumatismes and the Germans refer them to the scurvy as may be seen in such German Authors as have written of the Scurvy especially in the Treatise of Engalenus And therefore after universal Remedies they use other appropriate Scorbuticks which are destined to the Cure of that Disease Chap. 27. Of the Vena Cava and Aorta within the Lower Belly THe Trunk of the a T. 12. f. 1. A B C. â–¡ Vena Cava is commonly reported to arise out of the Liver Liver is not the Original of Vena Cava and to be divided into the superior and inferior Trunk as if they were separated as it is in the stock of the b T. 12. f. 4. A. â–¡ Aorta springing out of the Heart but Ocular Inspection does demonstrate that the Trunk of Vena Cava is separated from the Liver which creepes beneath and that near the top of the Liver by the Midrif it receives a branch which grows out of the c f. 1. r r. â–¡ Substance of the Liver which carries blood into the Trunk of the Cava that it may be carryed unto the Heart with other blood which ascends by Circulation Wherefore that same Trunk of the Vena Cava is extended al along without Interruption from the d f. 1. B. â–¡ Jugulum or Neck even to the e T. 12. f. 1. D. â–¡ Os Sacrum There I make account is the Cistern of Blood because a great part of the Blood is contained therein The Trunk of Vena Cava in regard of the Liver which by a branch supplies iâ— Vena Cava divided into Trunks with Blood may be divided into the f f. 1. B. â–¡ upper and lower g T. 12. f. 1. C D. â–¡ Trunk The inferior produces the Vena h T. 5. f. a. g. â–¡ Adeposa which is dispersed into the fatty Membrane of the Kidney and then the i T. 12. f. 1. x x. â–¡ emulgent which is distributed into the Kidney after that the k f. 1. z. z. â–¡ Spermatick Vein whose right-side branch springs from the Trunk of Cava and it s left from the Emulgent finally it sends three or four branches called l f. 1. a a a. â–¡ Lumbares into the Loins which are spred abroad unto the Marrow of the Back When the Trunk is come to the top of Os Sacrum it is divided into two Channels Distribution of the inferior Trunk or Pipes which from their Scituation are termed m f. 1. D D. â–¡ Canales Iliaci the Illiack Pipes From these on either hand are produced other Veins especially the a Sacra b Hypogastrica Amplissima c Epigastrica and d Pudenda In Women the Hypogastrica is longer than in Men and Nourishes more Parts and holds the Menstrual blood till the time come that itmust be voided Wherefore blood is conteined in greater plenty about the Genitals of Women than of Men. The Epigastrica is observed to be two-fould in Women the one ascends into the Musculus Rectus the other opposite thereunto descends as low as the Womb. In this Trunk of Vena Cava Fernelius after Galen placed the seat of continual Seat of Feavers continual and Iâ—…rmittent Feavers supposing the Blood rested quietly therein but seeing the blood is in perpetual motion I make the seat of continual feavers to be in the Trunk of the Vena Cava and in those great Pipes carryed along through the Limbs as the semâ—…ry â—f intermittent Feavers or Agues is in the Vena Porta or in the Bowells which are nourished thereby Seeing the Veins are the Vessels and Cisterts to contain the blood they have a thin coat saving that the Trunk of Vena Cava has a thicker and stronger coat Why Cava hâ—â— a thick Coat than ordinary to avoid breaking in case the blood should work or boyl therein which by means of the tenderness of the Coat can sweat and breath thorough T is a Question whether the Veins have Fibres or no some say yea and some Whether Veins have Fibres no. But seeing the Blood is thrust forward by the spirits and Hear it has a natural ascent unto the Heart and therefore it needs no Fibres to draw it and if any were necessary the right ones would suffice but the circular ones are interposed for strength and some threds are observed in the Coat of a Vein not to draw but to strengthen the Coat Wherefore the Contentions about the Fibres of Veins are but Vain Janglings neither are we in Blood-letting so carefully and scrupulouâ—ly to observe the rectitude of the Fibres as the Scituation of the Part affected Hippocrates in his Book de Morbo Sacro does Elegantly call the Veins Spiracula Why the Veins are called the Bodies Wind-Doers Corporis the Wind-doers or Breathing places of the Body because when they are opened a Fuliginous or sooty Spirit Issues
c Penis the Yard In those Ligaments we must observe the internal substance which is like the Pith Their internal Substance of Elder being Spungy blackish and bedewed with black Blood that it may encrease and decrease in the Carnal Conjunction for the erection of the Yard depends upon these Ligamentss The Vrethra or Piss-Pipe is a Channel of Spongy substance that it may swel The Urethra or Piss-Pipe and â—al with the foresaid Ligaments in the Carnal Conjunction and therefore it is no continuation of the neck of the bladder but is only fastened thereunto Observe diligently the Obliquation or Reflection of the Vrethra in the Perinaeum It s Obliquation in the Perineum Impostumated hard to cure and how the scituation of the Orifice of the bladder lies hid under the bones of the Pubes In the Perinaeum divers Tumors are raised but such as adhere to the Vrethra and impostumate are dangerous often degenerating into Fistulaes because the Vrethra wil very hardly heal and grow together If it be eaten by a venemous and pocky Ulcer it is not easily cured and restored unless by an exact Sudorifick Diet or by fluxing with Mercurial Medicaments Balanus f the Nut of the Yard is an hollowed Kernel wider in the middle than The Nut of the Yard the largeness of the external Orifice comes to a T. 6. f. 5. M. â–¡ b f. 2. C. â–¡ c f. 1. d. f. 5. L. â–¡ d f. 5. L. â–¡ e f. 5. M. â–¡ f f. 7. A. â–¡ g T. 13. f. 8. o o. T. 18. f. 5. o. â–¡ h T. 12. f. 1. n n. f. 4. â—â— â–¡ i T. 6. f. 1. a a. f. 5. H H. â–¡ k f. 5. K K. â–¡ l f. 1. b b. f. 5. II. a T. 6. f. 5. K K. â–¡ b f. 5. G G. â–¡ c f. 1. c. â–¡ d f. 7. B. â–¡ e f. 5. G G. â–¡ f f. 5 M. f. 7. C. â–¡ g f. 5. infra M. â–¡ The Medicinal Consideration The Action of the whol Yard viz. voluntary erection and stifness being ordained Diseases of the whol Yard are Priapismus for carnal Conjunction if it be unvoluntary and painful it is a Disease which is called Priapismus It is caused by an inflamed disposition of the Ligaments of the Yard and also of the Vrethra or Piss-pipe which is affected by reason of vicinity and communication in the same Action Weakness and defect of Erection is an imbecillity of the whol Yard without Want of Erection pain It arises from a weakness or a paralytick disposition of the Muscles or Nerves of the Yard Somtimes the whol Yard is bowed and crooked to one side or another or bended Crookedness upwards or downwards which proceeds from a Convulsion of one of the Muscles or from a repletion and induration of the Nervous Ligaments of the Yard Somtimes the Tumor called Ganglion in the hollow Ligaments is a cause of this Contersion or crookedness of the Yard of which Infirmity Hollerius in his Comment upon the 63. Aphorism of Book 5. and Caesar Arantius in Chap. 50. of his Book of Tumors have treated Furthermore The whol Yard is subject to Inflamations Tumors and Ulcers Inflamation Tumors and Ulcers The Yard is but one in Number for two had been needless if we find two it is Monstrous and they are both useless or one is but the rudiment of a Yard or some fleshy Excrescence The just and fitting length of the Yard ought to be six or eight fingers breadth Too long if it be longer 't is inconvenient and hurts the Woman in Carnal Conjunction and must be shortened by a ring of wool put about it If we beleeve Galen the extraordinary length of the Yard hinders Generation because the Seed loseth its vertue in so long a passage which I do not beleeve If the Yard be too short it causes little or no titillation and is unfruitful Too short Fallopius in his Book de Decoratione teaches us how to make the Yard longer Marteal mentions one that had so large a Yard that when it stood erected he could smel to it with his Nose The Fore-skin has its Diseases somtimes it is too short and somtimes too Of the Fore-skin long and is incommodious The Jews have it cut off for which cause they are termed Apellae that is skin-less If it cover the Nut of the Yard so close that it cannot be put back the Disease is termed Phymosis If it be depressed to the root Phymosis Paraphymosis of the Nut and cannot be drawn upwards 't is termed Paraphymosis Both these Diseases if they proceed from â—ervency of Carnal Conjunction whereby the Nut of the Yard remains swelled if it be for a long time togeâ—her fomented with extream cold Water its swelling wil abate and then the Fore-skin may freely be drawn up or down An admirable Secret It is exulcerated with pocky Pustles which being cured if they leave any hardness Exulcerated behind them it is a suspicious Argument that the Venom of the Whores Pox does yet â—e luâ—king in the body Seeing the Fore-skin is double when it is â—ut both the internal and external Membrane must be equally cuâ— The band of the Fore-skin termed Fraenulum if it be more thick than ordinary Thickness of the Fraenulum and goes unto the hole of the Nut and makes the same crooked it makes men such as Galen cals Hypospadicos so that they cannot ingender because they do not cast their Seed directly into the Womb unless it be cut The Nut is subâ—ect to divers Tumors and Ulcers both internal and external In Ulcers of the Nut. its middle where 't is hollowed it is often exulcerated by reason of a sharp matter abiding there and often putreâ—ying But in the Whore-masters Pox it is ful of Deâ—ormation with warts Warts and deformed which warts may be eaten off and eradicated with pouder of Savin but they grow again if the internal Cause be not removed by Medicines accommodated to cure the Pox. The Vrethra or Piss-pipe which lies along under the two Ligaments of the The Urethra obstructed Yard has its Diseases It is obstructed by the stone which is taken out by Incision thereof It is inflamed by reason of its Spungy and blackish substance like the hollow Ligament of the Yard It oftentimes burns and is pained by reason of Inflamed the acrimony of the Urine it is inflamed by the sharpness of a putrid Humor which passes through the same as in the virulent Gonorrhaea and then it swels and makes the Yard crooked and stretches it with the Tentigo like a Rope which disease they term Gonorrhaea Chordata the Corded or Rope-stretched running of the Reins It is ulcerated by the Acrimony of Quittor and purulent Matter and somtimes Vlcerated the Ulcer being not well cured there grows up a spungy superfluous flesh which is termed Carnositas which must be diminished or eaten away with Corrosive
Spermatick Vessels which swel with Spermatick Humor which in their progress do send branches unto the Loines In Women the x T. 7. f 1. d f. 2. R T c. â–¡ Womb with its y f. 2. Q Q. S S. â–¡ Ligaments and z f. 2. o o. f. 4. A A. â–¡ Testicles may hurt the Loins but especialy in a Woman with Child by reason of the weight of the Womb and Child The Veins and Arteries of the Iliac α T. 12. f. 1. and 4. D D. â–¡ branches which are spread abroad through the Os Sacrum may vex the Loines The remote Parts which hurt the Loines are the a T. 4. f. 1. A B. â–¡ Liver by the Vena b f. 1. F F f. 6. the whol â–¡ Porta Remote Parts and c f. 1. G H. â–¡ Mesentery and the d T. 17. and 18. â–¡ Head whils it disburthens it self of its Superfluities into the e T. 18. f. 5. A. â–¡ Marrow of the Back according to Hippocrates in his Book de Glandulis The Humor descends through the Cavity of the Spinal Marrow as far as the Loines and it cannot easily go farther by reason that the Marrow of the Back is their divided into a f f. 5. o. â–¡ Million of Threds We must also observe the common Causes of the Pains which are frequently Common Causes of Pains found in Pains of the Loines as internal Rheumatismes or Fluxes of Humors and external by the Veins or an Humor between the Skin whith flowes from the Head betwixt the Muscles and Fleshy Membane Oftentimes the btanches of the Vena Cava and Aorta do carry a Patt of boiling and Superfluous Blood out of the greater Channels into the Loines which they Disease either in the Muscly Parts or in the Membranous Parts or in the marrow of the Back which is the Cause that a Palsie follows the Colick or an Arthritis degenerates into the Colick and the Colick is changed into the Sciatica Also outward Impostumes of the Kidneys and passions of the Gut Colon being either distended or exulcerated are Communicated to the Loines within and without in the Loines may arise Tumors Impostumes and Ulcers yea and the Loins are distorted by flux of Rheum or some swelling Their Fibres are distended by the Cramp Many times pains of the Loines are stirred up by external Causes as External Causes a fall on the Back or a Blow with a thick Stick or some other massie thing These things being premised and wel understood it is easie to explain very obscure Certain places in Hippocrates expounded places in Hippocrates touching pains of the Loines which you shal find in the Commentaries of Duretus upon the Coick Prognosticks of Hippocrates and others collected together in the Commentaries of Marinellus upon Hippocrates in the word Lumbi There are two kinds of Loine Symptomes for some are in the Loines and others spring from the Loines both of them are by Hippocrates judged to be very stubborn and hard to deal with In his Coicks he hath pronounced absolutly and without exception Such as have pains in their Loines are in a very bad condition And in the same Book Diseases which arise from pain of the Back are hard to cure And how wil you understand those places unles by a clear knowledg of the the Parts sending and Parts receiving as I declared before Certain it is if in the beginning of Diseases their be pain in the Loines with heavyness and a Feaver Blood very hot or in great plenty is contained within the greater Vessels which being more inflamed if not timely prevented may be carried into the Head or into the Lungs from whence greivous Diseases may follow In other places he does particularly explain the Causes of Lung pains If I should recite those places I should fil twenty Leaves and upwards wherefore I wil take in my Sailes and dispatch al in a word Pains of the Loines in acute Malignant Danger of these pains in Feavers Feavers or other Feavers in the beginning are dangerous for they signifie a great Tumult in the Blood and irritation of Humor within the greater Vessels which is much to be feared if a speedy course be not taken to prevent what may follow by a plentyful blood letting especially in the Feet to hinder the recourse of the blood to the upper Parts of the Chest or Head where it is wont to produce divers terrible and deadly Symptomes We ought therefore to be very fearful of pains in the Loines which persevere in Feavers although Blood have been often let because in the Region of the Belly Humors lie extreme deep which may take their course suddenly to some of the nobler Parts if they be not diligently Purged forth And therefore to cure such like pains of the Loins Hippocrates was went to Their Cure open the Veins of the Ham or Foot which is confirmed by him in his Coicks the pains of the Loins proceed from aboundance of blood there and blood-lettings that are caused by pains of the Loins are large and plentyful These things declare the necessity of blood-letting when the Loins are pained with a Feaver Purging must not be omitted that the Vault of the lower Belly being loaded with Excrements may be emptied and clensed out of Aphor. 20. Book 4. Though Hippocrates has written that such as complain of pains in their Loins are looâ—eâ— bellyed than ordinary that saying does not take away the necessity of Purging in these cases Bleeding at the Hemorrhoid Veins is good both for the Kidneis and for pains of the Loins and therefore the Hemorrhoids are to be provoked A lasting pain of the Loins without Heat or any Inflammatory disposition unless it can be discussed with Fomentations after purging blood-letting often repeated the Humor must be drawn out with Cupping-Glasses and Scarification and by Application of Vesicatories or making Issues on each side of the Back-bone also with a Bath of fresh water qualified with Herbs or by sitting in natural Baths or having their water Pumped from on high upon the Parts affected For the pains of the Loins are more vehement and stubborn if the serous matter be conteined within the Muscles as far as the Vertebras and they are yet worse and harder to be cured if they come to the Marrow of the Back But those Symptomes which are thought to arise from the Loins do not arise from the Parts which constitute or make up the Loins but from the neighbouring Parts which being spread upon the Loins do cause pain and transfer their Humors into other Parts by a quick or slow motion by the Veins and Arteries such as are Vena Cava and Aorta the Haemorrhoid Veins and the Mesaraicks Out of Galen The End of the Second Book THE THIRD BOOK OF THE ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY OF John Riolanus THE KINGS PROFESSOR OF PHYSICK Chap. 1. Of the Chest LET us proceed unto the Parts of the Chest Now the Chest
are subject to several Diseases In ripe Virgins fully Marrigable the Dugs are firm and solid They become more soft and In a marriagable Virgin swelling when they are transported with a burning desire of carnal Embracements and by how much the higher they swel without pain and the fuller Orbe that they make strowâ—ing and Kisâ—ing one another the greater is their desire after bodily Pleasure and it may be guessed that they have tasted the Sweetness of Mans-Flesh If when the Dugs are pressed Milk drop forth it is a sign of the Parties being with In a married Woman Child though Hippocrates accounts it but an uncertain Sign The Dugs of a Marryed woman which were raised with the Ardency of fleshly lust do sink and faâ— by little and liâ—tle Women that have large strouting Dugs are termed in Latine Mammosae Mulieres and they are of an hoâ— Con plexion lustful and lovers of Wine and good Liquor If they happen to be of a cold Complexion the swelâ—ing of their Dugs comes from an Wheyish Humor which they suck in like Spunges So saies Hippocrates Large and ponderous Dugs do hinder Breathing by burthening the Chest So the swelled Breaths of Ancient Virgins and married women are liable to the same Diseases For either by reason of a Flux of Humors or of some bruise they are Inflamation of the Dugs Impostum inflamed and impostumate somtime they become Scirrhous and Knobbed as it were with the Kings-Evil by reason of the Kernels and then a Kernel or two if they be movable ought to be taken clean away by cutting the Skin before they Scirrhus cleave to the Fat the Disease encreasing and creeping on to infect other Kernels Hence comes an incurable Cancer Because the Dugs are ful of Kernels and spungy Cancer and therefore ordained by Nature to receive superfluous Humors So that such Women as have them dried and shrunken up are unhealthy and much troubled with spitting The Dugs of a Woman with Child some time after her Conception do swel by In a woman with child Distention by blood little and little by reason of the flowing back of the Menstrual blood and they drop a milâ—y Whey but in Child bed women they become yet bigger by reason of a greater afflux of blood than the Dugs are able to contain From this distention springs a Feaver on the third day after they are delivered which lasts a day or two or longer unless the Milk be forced back or some Child suck the Dugs This Milk is called in Latine Colostrum and many are afraid to nourish the Child therewith Yet Spigelius has proved That this first Milk is no bad milk and that a Mother ought not to refuse to nourish her Child therewith If in a Woman with Child the Dugs are liable to Inflamation Tumors and Vlcers In a woman that lies in much more are they so in a Child-bed Woman and one that gives suck by reason of the curdling of her Milk Dioscorides writes That the swelling of the Dugs is brought down by the application of bruised Hemlock which Experience shews to be true Howbeit Dodonaeus approves not of this Medicine by reason of the malignant and venemous Nature of this Herb which being applied unto the Dugs may wrong the Heart Hippocrates in his Epidemicks has this Saying If the Nipples of Womens Dugs and that which is red in them be pale their Womb is diseased There is a great League and fellow-feeling between the Dugs and the Womb Consent of the womâ— dugs how caused by reason of two Veins viz. The Vena a T. 2. f. 9. d. T. 12. f. 1. C C. â–¡ Mammaria or Dug-Vein and the b T. 2. f. 9. e. T. 12. f. 1. E E. â–¡ Epigastrica and also by the Venae c f. 1. l l o o. â–¡ Thoracicae or Breast-Veins which are Branches of the Vena d f. 1. A B. c. â–¡ Cava which in the bottom of the Belly affords the Hypogastrick e f. 1. ξ ξ. â–¡ Vein unto the Womb. The Ancient Chyrurgeons were wont to cut off Cancerous Dugs with the Incision Knife but because it lucks not well women are not willing to undergo so cruel a Remedy neither do our Chyrurgeons practice it Chap. 3. Of the External Parts of the Chest THe proper Containing Parts are boney musculous or membranous The Proper containing parts boney Parts are of four sorts viz. Twelve f T. 10. f. 2. 1 2 3 c. â–¡ Ribs two Claviculae or g f. 1. f. T. 21. f. 1. B B. â–¡ Channel-bones the Sternum or h T. 10. f. 2. A A. â–¡ Breast-bone and the twelve Vertebrae or i T. 10. f. 3. â–¡ turning Joynts of the Back-bone of which we have spoken in ouâ— Osteologia or History of the Bones The Musculous parts are either external or internal at least placed between the bones The External musculous parts are divided into Muscles proper to the Chest or such as are referred to other parts such as the Musculus a T. 10. f. 1. A B. â–¡ Pectoraliâ— or Breast-Muscle Serratus b f. 1. E. â–¡ minor antiâ—â—s or the smaller fore-side Saw-Muscle and the greater Saw c f. 1. C D. â–¡ Muscle or Serratus major the rest belong unto the Chest of which we shal speak in our Myologia or History of the Muscles The Internal musculous Parts are the Intercostal Muscles both d f. 1. H H. â–¡ internal and e f. â— G G. â–¡ external which are placed in the spaces between the Ribs as their name imports Chap 4. Of the Pleura Mediastinum and Pericardium THat continued membranous Part which incloses al the internal parts of the The Pleurâ— what it iâ— Chest and bestows Membranes upon every one of them like the Peritoneum is termed f f. 5. A A. â–¡ Pleura which being every where g f. 5. C C. â–¡ stretched out under al the Ribs is firmly joyned to the bony Parts and to the Midrif Because of its thickness it is It s thickness accounted double but it cannot be demonstrated to be so without tearing In Diseases of the Chest when it swels its doubleness is easily separated Being on either side reflexed unto the Back and rising up unto the Breast-bone it is h f. 4. B B. â–¡ reduplicated and makes the i f. 4. A A. â–¡ Mediastinum and leaves within it self a certain void The Mediastinum what it is space ful of threds which also comprehends the Heart and the Pericardium it is nothsâ—g else save a Production or a doubling and folding of the Mediastinum This Cavity of the Mediastinum is diligently to be observed as that which helps It s Cavity to form the voyce as an Eccho to beat back the sound it does likewise separate the bulk of the Chest into two Cavities and divide the Lungs one from another The Mediastinum is
fastened unto the Claves and the Midrif by reason of the Pericardium which is circularly knit unto the a T. 10. f. 6. F F. f. 7. G G. â–¡ Circulus Nerveus and the Breast-bone and by this Artifice the Mediastinum by help of the Pericardium does hold the heart suspended and becomes the band of the Midrif it self Now the b T. 11. f. 1. A. f. 2. A. â–¡ Pericardium is the Bag or Case of the Heart which contains a watery Humor The Pericardium what it is to moisten the Heart from which it is round about so far distant as is requisite that the Heart may freely move it self If the Pericardium or Heart-case has no proper Coat of its own yet it does at least borrow one from the Mediastinum which compasseth it about By reason of the neer conjunction of the one unto the other the membranous substance is no thicker than the Membrane of the Mediastinum in other places The Medicinal Consideration Because Contraries compared together are the better understood having seen Diseases of the Costal muscles iâ— the Natural Constitution of these Parts let us now take a view of their Preternatural Dispositions or Diseases The Muscles as wel those that are spred upon the Ribs as those which are placed between the said Ribs which are subject to divers Diseases caused either by the Flux of Humors from other parts or by Humors collected in and about the said Muscles They undergo divers Tumors Inflamations Impostumes Rheumatick pains springing from a serous or wheyish Humor al which do produce sharp pains in Pains of the â—â—des How known from the Pleurisie the sides with a Feaver and somtimes with a dry Cough which imitate the Pleurisie wherefore the difference must diligently be marked lest we apply the same Remedies to these pains of the sides which are proper to a Pleurisie Hippocrates has observed this Difference and after him Duretus the Ghost of Hippocrates and his Faithful Interpreter For every Pleurisie is a pain of the side but every pain of the side is not a Pleurisie or at most but a bastard Pleurisie But some wil say both Diseases require the same Cure in respect of blood-letting because the passage is easie for the Humors to go from the external parts unto the internal I do not deny that blood is to be taken away but not so much and so often as in a true Pleurisy And therefore Hippocrates in a pain of the side was wont first to make use of Fomentations that he might try whether the pain was in the side or in the Membrane called Pleura for a simple pain of the side is eased by How they differ in Fomentations but the Pleurisie is thereby enraged the more in which there is a continual Feaver an Inâ—â—amation a Cough and a pricking pain of the side And therefore the pains of the side differ in Scituation and in matter because Scituation one is â—eated in the Membrane a T. 10. f. 5. A A. â–¡ Pleurd and the b f. 1. G G. H H. â–¡ Intercostal Muscles another in the greaâ—â—â— Muscles which are spred upon the Ribs such as are the c T. 10. f. 1. A B. â–¡ Pectoral Muscle the d f. 1. C D. â–¡ Serratus major and e T. 10. f. 1. E. â–¡ minor the f T. 14. f. 1. C C D D. â–¡ Latissimus and the Muscles of the g T. 14. f. 1 2 c. â–¡ Back They differ also in Matter because wind or wheyish Humors or blood does Matter insinuate it self into the greater external Muscles and is carried likewise or slips down from the Brain by the Veins termed h T. 12. f. 1. l l. o o. â–¡ Thoracicae or Chest-Veins But the Humor which does possess the Intercostal Muscles is brought by the smal Branches of the Vena i T. 12. f. 1. a a a c. â–¡ Azygos or Vein without a Fellow and does produce the true Pleuresie It is not necessary that the Humor be contained within the Membrane Pleura because it is not capable nor apt to receive the Flux when the pain begins but the Humor being shed abroad into the space which is between the Muscles and the Pleura it becomes partaker of the pain which is more sharp in the Pleura it self by reason of its Nervous or Sinewy Nature than it is in the Musculous Flesh The Action of the Chest is motion ordained for Respiration which motion is governed by Muscles and Nerves which are subject to the Palsey and Convulsion To the Convulsion of the Muscles of the Chest does belong the stoppage of the breath difficult breathing and Hippocrates his double-stroak'd fetching in of the wind The Membrane Pleura being inflamed with a continual Feaver a pricking pain in Whether there may be a Peripneumonia or no the side and a Cough makes a Pleurisie which some late Physitians do think never lasts long without a transmission of the Humor into the Lungs which often cleave to the Pleura yea and that the Humor passes over by a Metastasis into the Lungs and causes a Peripneumonia or Inflamation of the Lungs Zecchius was the first that broached this Doctrine in his Counsels building upon the Authority of Hippocrates others did in their writings confirm it by reasons as Vincentius Baronius in his Book de Pleuropneumonia And this Combination of two Diseases of the Chest in one they term Pleuropneumonia that is the Side-and-Lung-sickness which thing I gave an hint of before them in my Anthropography or Description of Mans Body in the Chapter which treats of the Lungs That place of Hippocrates is worthy consideration which many have undertaken to explain I for my part do thus interpret the same Oft-times the Lungs in one or both the sides do cleave unto the Membrane which How it is caused according to our Author covers the Ribs or if they do not cleave thereunto when the side is first inflamed the Membrane Pleura being soaked and made softer by the afflux of Humors does sweat out a clammy wheyish Humor so that the Lungs when breath is drawn in filling the whol Chest do at length stick unto the said membrane Pleura and there cleaving is made the faster by the heat of the Feaver Neither does the motion of the Lungs hinder that same cleaving too aforesaid because when the pain is encreased the Patient breaths short for fear of augmenting the same and so the Lungs are moved very little whereupon the Lungs are fastened to the part pained and then the Pleurisy turns into a Peripneumonia or Inflamation of the Lungs or both these Diseases are joyned together and therefore there follows an easy Expectoration first of a bloody Humor by reason of a light Exulceration both of the Pleura and of the membrane of the Lungs and then of the rest of the matter which comes partly out of the side partly from the Excrement of the Lungs Nutriment or
from the impurity of the mass of blood passing by its circular motion through the Lungs whence it is that so great a quantity of a Cholerick and Flegmatick Humor flows which is spit up with Coughing But if the Lungs do not cleave to the side the blood-watry Humor being shed into the Cavity of the Chest and scarce ever drawn back again there is bred an Empyema which if it be not voided of it self it must be let out by opening the side which Operation somtimes lucks wel So that according to the Doctrine of Hippocrates whom Herophilus as Caelius The difference of a Pleurisie and Peripneumonia Aurelianus relates and Cornelius Celsus do follow there is a true Pleurisie if there be joyned thereunto an Inflamation of one side of the Lungs if both sides be pained it is a true Peripneumonia or Universal Inflamation of the Lungs because the whol Lungs are affected both in the right and left side and continually beating upon the Ribs they are apt to infect them with the blood-watry Humor wherewith they abound Wherefore the Pleurisy and the Inflamation of the Lungs are Diseases of a brotherly Kindred which help one another to destroy the Patient or to comfort him according as the Constitution of the Lungs is weak or strong and as they are assisted with Remedies especially liberal blood-letting Neither can the matter causing the Pleurisy be transferred or propagated by any other waies into the Lungs by any Metastasis or Epigenesis Howbeit we see in dead bodies the diseased Pleura ten times thicker than ordinary which argues that the seat of the Disease was there I deny not but that it may be communicated to the Lungs and that the Pleurisie may degenerate into a Peripneumonia or Inflamation of the Lungs after the manner aforesaid Touching blood-letting there has been for an hundred and fifty yeers an eager On which side the blood is to be taken away in a Pleurisie contention between the Modern Physitians of France Italy and Germany from what part blood is to be drawn in a true Pleurisie whether on the same side that is pained or on the other side At last the Opinion of Hippocrates confirmed with the Authority of Galen has prevailed and got Victory over the Doctrine of the Arabian Physitians The Physitians of Paris and al true Artists do follow Hippocrates for they let blood on the Arm of the same side which is pained After three or four times letting blood in the Arm for Revulsion sake a Vein may be opened in the Foot but the diseased side must be first disburdened In blood-letting we chuse our Vein because the Patient is sooner eased by opening Out of what Vein the a T. 24. f. 1. C C. â–¡ Basilica Vena if we consider the Rectitude of the Vessels by the Fibres for this Vein is a continuation of the b T. 12. f. 1. B B. â–¡ Axillary Trunk which produces the c f. 1. l l. o o. â–¡ Chest-Vein which glides through the external parts of the Chest and is joyned to the Extremities of the Solitary Vein called Azygos This was formerly declared by Gordonius a Physitian of Montpelier Ludovicus Duretus has confirmed the same with Histories in his Commentaries upon the Practice of Hollerius The Mediastinum is subject to divers Diseases Its Membranes are inflamed as Diseases of the Mediastinum Inflamation Impostume in the Pleurisie because of the neer Neighbor-hood of the Heart and the communion of substance with the Pericardium The Quittor therein collected makes an Impostume which is drawn out by perforation of the Breast-bone or by an Instrument fitted for that purpose Winds also are somtimes shut up within the Cavity Wind of these parts which do vex and torment the Chest and pierce it through as it were The Pericardium may also be inflamed with much pain and no little danger because Pericardium Inflamed it is neer the Heart which therefore is subject to frequent Swounings and then the pulse is quicker the Feaver stronger the thirst more vehement than in the Pleurisie or in the Inflamation of the Lungs Oftentimes abundance of moisture is collected therein which causes Suffocation Full of Humor and over-whelms the Heart If thou canst not draw away the said moisture with such Medicines as purge wheyish Humors what if you should boar an hole in the breast-bone a Thumbs breadth distant from the Sword-like Gristle because the Pericardium is there fastened that the heart may hang pendulous A doubtful Cure is better than certain Desperation it is better to try a doubtful Remedy than none at all where there is no hope of help save in some extraordinary providence of God If there be no water at al in the Pericardium the Heart pines away by little and Deficient of Humor Worms little as it has been observed in many Patients Certain it is that Worms are bred in the Pericardium which feed upon the Heart and are destroyed by the use of Scordium Petrus Salius Diversus has treated of this Disease Neither is it any absurdity that worms should be sound within the Ventricles of the Heart howbeit they are bred in the Vena Cava and come from thence into the Heart Seeing the Heart hangs upon the Breast-bone it wil not be unprofitable to apply Topick Medicaments and Fomentations whether hot or cold made to strengthen the Heart unto this part according as the Disease wherewith the heart is troubled shal require d f. 1. a a a. â–¡ Chap. 5. Of the Midrif or Diaphragma THe Method of Dissection has brought us to the a Midrif the principal Instrument Midrifs of free Breathing which separates the Chest from the Belly like a Partition wall being tied to al the bastard Ribs to two of the true Ribs and to the Scituation Sword-like Gristle and being on this manner oblickly stretched round about it sends forth two b fleshy Productions somewhat longish even to the utmost Vertebra's of the Loyns It is made up of Flesh and a c Sinewy membrane which is placed in the Centre Substance thereof the rest of its compass being fleshy and of the Nature of d muscle On that part which is towards the belly it is covered with a membrane of the Peritoneum on the other side towards the Chest it is compassed with the Pleura The Sinewy Circle is placed in the midst to strengthen that part that it may bear the point of the Heart beating thereupon and that it may bear up the Liver for the Liver hangs fastened to the Diaphragma which is drawn upwards within the Chest by help of the Mediastinum for the Figure of the Diaphragma or midrif Shape towards the belly is hollow within the Chest it is bunching out It receives a T. 10. f. 6. C C. â–¡ Veins and b T. 10. f. 6. B B. â–¡ Arteries termed Phrenicae from the Cava and Aorta Vessels It has two notable c
observed in Book 11. of his Method In which case blood letting is good for Ventilation and must be repeated if need be Unnatural Respiration is somtimes necessary in those that have their Health to Vnnatural Respiration somtimes 〈◊〉 in healthy persons expel smoaky vapors by forcible blowing out of the breath or to expel the Excrements of the Bellâ— or to force out a Child by holding the breath â—xâ—â—fflation or forcible puffing out of the breath answers to Expiration and holding of the breath is a long Inspiration as much as the party is able to endure for some necessary use and it is performed which is strange by one very smal muscle which shuts the Arythenois and the Glottis Chap. 8. Of the Heart THe Heart is the Principal and most Noble Bowel of the whol Body the Nobility of the Heart Fountain of Life-giving Nectar by the Influx whereof the virality or lively force of al â—he parts is recreated and cherished It is the first that lives and the last that dies by the benefit whereof al the parts of the body do live and subsist And therefore it is that Nature has framed this principal Part with admirable Workmanship both without and within of a a T. 11. f. â— B. â–¡ fleshy substance strong and thick It s Substance interwoven with al sorts of Fibres and because it is the Seat of Native Heat lest it should become dry and parched up she hâ—s â—oâ—stened it with fat placed round about and waâ—ered the same by cuâ—cumfusion of a wheyâ—sh Liquor It is scituate in the middle of the Chest hanging by the a T. 11. f. 4. A A. Mediastinum and b â— 11. f. 1. A. Pericardium It s Scitâ—ation For those two parts do joyn in this Office as hath been said in our Chapter of the Mediastinum The Heart is alwaâ—es of the same greatness in some strong men it is more smal Bigness and solid than ordinary in feebâ—er Perâ—ons iâ— is greater and of a looser substance as â—n some men and frequently in women It is shaped like a Pine-Apple having a broad bottom and growing pointed towards Shape the top The broad end is called the Basis or bâ—ttom which receives four Vessels the Vena c T. 11. f. 1 C. Cava running through the Breast and opened neer the Heart Vessels and fastened thereunto the Vena d f. 2. E E. G. â–¡ Arteriosa the e f. 1. M. f. 2. C. â–¡ Aoâ—â—a and the Arteria f f. 2. H H. â–¡ Venosa In the Basis we find little Cases or Covers placed by the Vessels which carry blood into â—he Heart They are called 〈◊〉 Cordis the g f. â— C C. Ears of the Heart Ears and are hollow In grown persons the right Ear is larger than the left but in the child in the womb and al Infants the left Ear is larger than the right The other end of the Heart is termed the Conus or poinâ—ed end There appear Veins and Arteries h f. 2. by B. â–¡ creeping upon the surface of the Heart which seem ordained to repair the Fat as it spends Before we proceed to the inner Structure of the Heart we are to consider how it Action viz. the pulse is moved For its Action is Motion or Puliation because look what blood it receives in it drives the same out by pulsation There are therefore two parts of the Hearts motion Systole and Diastole or Systole Diastole Contraction and Dilatation when it takes in blood it is dilated or widened when it expels the same it is contracted or drawn together between both which motions there intercedes a pause or resting time which is termed Peri-Systole How these motions are caused is a doubtful Question Rejecting the various Opinions of others I wil tel you how I conceive this motiâ—ion Cause of the pulse according to our Author is performed It is probable that the Heart being widened cannot receive the blood unless its dilatation be made by drawing back the Basis thereof to the Cone that the Vessels may shed their blood and the heart draw the same to it self In the Systole the heart is contracted and the blood received is thrust out and then the Heart becomes narrower and longer than it was before And because it is shut up in the Pericardium or Heart-case which is fastened circular-wise to the Sinewy Centre of the Midrif with its Cone or pointed end it smites the Nervy Centre of the Midrif and with its Basis or broad end and the Aorta sticking out it smites the Breast at the same instant when it is extended and prolonged This perpetual motion of the Heart though it depend in respect of its production How necessary the circulation of the blood is to continue the motion of the Heart upon the inbred faculty thereof yet can it not alwaies continue save by the coming in of blood out of which the Heart frames the vital Spirit and in case at every pulse the Heart receive one drop of blood or two which it casts into the Aorta and that in an hours space the Heart pulses two thousand times it must needs be that a great quantity of blood or al the blood in the Vessels should pass through the Heart within the space of twelve or fifteen hours Now this quantity may come to fifteen or twenty pounds of blood which is as much as is contained in the Vessels and therefore it must needs be that in the space of twenty four hours the whol mass of Blood is twice or thrice passed through the Heart according as the motion of the Heart is quicker or slower And that this Circular Motion of the blood might be performed with the greater Whether the blood do pass from the right Ventricle of the Heart unto the Lungs commodity and facility William Harvey an English man the Kings Physitian the Author and Inventor of this motion of the blood and Joannes Walaeus a Professor of Leyden and most eager Defender and Protector thereof wil have the blood to be carried through the Lungs from the right unto the left Ventricle of the Heart not allowing that it should pass through the Septum or Partition wal between the Ventricles of the Heart and that the whol mass of Blood in an hour or two hours space is circulated through the Heart and the whol Body which I do not allow of and I have els-where laid down my reasons of the impossibility and inconveniency of such a motion The Heart is the Original of Vena Cava When I had observed that the Trunk of the Vena Cava was separated from the Liver running continually from the Jugulum to the Os Sacrum without any interruption and that it passed not through the Liver as we may see with our Eyes and perceive also by thrusting a smal stick thereinto I came to be of Opinion that The Liver of Vena Porta They
have different blood in them the Vena Cava did spring from the Heart as the Vena Porta takes its rise from the Liver and that two sorts of blood were contained in those Veins though both of those sorts are labored and wrought in the Liver the one of these sorts of blood being sent into the Porta the other by a branch rooted in the Liver twice as smal as the Trunk of Vena Cava carried unto the Heart What kind of blood is circulated The blood which is contained in the Vena Porta is not circulated although it have a flux and reflux within its own Channels and communicate with the Caeliacal Arteries which are joyned one to another by mutual Anastomoses Within those Vessels the blood may pass to and fro reciprocally but it does not run out according to the longitude of the body neither is it in such a sense circulated In what Vessels And therefore the Circulation which is made in the Heart does borrow its matter from the Liver by the Vena Cava The Circulatory Vessels are the Aorta and Cava neither do their branches receive that Circulation because the blood being shed into al the parts of the second and third Region does remain there to nourish the said parts neither does it flow back unto the greater Vessels unless it be revelled by force when there is great want of blood in the larger Vessels or when it is stimulated into some violent motion and so flows unto the greater Circulatory Vessels After what manner And so the blood which is brought from the Liver unto the right Ventricle of the Heart does pass through the Partition wall of the two Ventricles into the left Ventricle I confess that in a violent Circulation the blood is carried through the Lungs unto How the circulation is performed the left ventricle of the Heart where it is forcibly ejected into the Aorta that it may afterwards be carried into the greater Veins of the Limbs which communicate by mutual Anastomoses with the Arteries and then from the Veins it flows up into the right Ventricle of the Heart and so there is made a perfect Circulation by the continual flux and reflux of the blood So that the blood in the Veins does naturally and perpetually ascend or return unto the Heart the blood of the Arteries naturally and continually descends or departs from the Heart Howbeit if the smaller Veins of the Arms aud Legs shal be emptied of blood the blood of the Veins may descend to succeed in the place of that which is taken away as I have cleerly demonstrated against Harvey and Walaeus No man can deny the mutual Anastomoses of the Veins and Arteries seeing that Galen has said it and demonstrated the same by Experiments and our dayly Experience confirms the same Hippocrates himself in his third Book of the Joynts takes notice of this communion of the Veins and Arteries in a Discourse by it self How necessary the circulation of the blood is You see how necessary it is for the blood to circulate that the motion of the Heart may not cease and how this Circulation may be performed without confusion and perturbation of the Humors and without destroying the Ancient Art of Healing And therefore the Circular motion of the blood is necessary to continue the motion of the heart as in Mils the Water must perpetually fal upon the Wheel to make it turn about also to warm again and restore the strength of the blood The Vtility thereof which is decayed by the loss of Spirits dispersed up and down the body whereas in the Heart it is refurnished with new Spirits and that the Heart being the Fountain of Native Heat may be moistened with a perpetual Dew lest by little and little it should parch and wither away for want of that dewy moisture or Life-giving Nectar By the Circulation of the blood in the Heart the Causes of Life and Death are more easily declared than by the Humidum Primigenium or Original Moisture bred in the Heart when the Child is formed which is so little that it is soon consumed and the perpetual motion of the Heart continuing day and night without ceasing would at length wear away the Substance of the Heart unless by a perpetual flowing in of the circulated blood it were moistened and repaired Whether the Heart and Arteries are moved at the same time Howbeit we must hold that the Heart and Arteries do move by Course one after another not being moved at the same instant with the same kind of motion but taking their turns and performing their work interchangably for when the Heart sends out the blood the Arteries receive it and transmit it into the Veins not that which is expelled the same instant but that which is neerest the Veins This being granted these parts must of necessity be moved one after another and the swelling motion of the Artery when it rises under our Finger is dilatation or widening and not contraction although it seem very like the pulse which the Heart makes when it contracts it self Having explained the Circulation of the Blood we must now open the Heart The right Ventricle of the Heart which you shal see divided into two Ventricles by the Septum Medianum or a T. 11. f. ☉ D D. □ Middle Partition The one is termed the b f. ☉ C C. f. 3. D D. f. 4. C C. □ Right Ventricle being the wider and softer The other the c f. ☉ B. f. 5. C C. f. 6. D D. □ Left being harder narrower and compassed with a thicker wal reaching as far as the Cone or Point of the Heart which the Right does not The Right Ventricle receives the Vena d f. 1. C. f. ♃ E. □ Cava and the Vena e f. 2. E E G. f. 4. A. T. 12. f. 3. all □ Arteriosa The Its Vessels Cava pours blood into the Heart the Vena Arteriosa carries back all or a part thereof into the Lungs To the Orifices of the Cava are adjoyned certain three-pointed f T. 11. f. 3. C C C. □ Valves or Their Valves Shutters which hinder the going back of the blood The Orifice of the Vena Arteriosa is compassed with three Valves or Shutters shaped like an old fashioned g f. 4. B B B. □ Greek Sigma which hinder the reflux of the blood The Left Ventricle receives two Arterial Vessels the a T. 11. f. 1. M. f. 2. C. f. 5. A. □ Aorta and the Arteria b f. 2. H H. f. 6. A. T. 1. e. f. 6. all □ Venosa Which latter according to the Doctrine of some Anatomists carries The left Ventricle of the Heart Its Vessels blood from the Lungs into the left Ventricle of the Heart or carries Air prepared in the Lungs into the said Ventricle and likewise carries back fuliginous Vapors howbeit many do not allow the said use
for the Vena c f. 1. Dâ—t 12. f. 1. a a a â–¡ Azygos or Vein without a fellow which Azygos Its Valves nourishes the Ribs In it you shal observe two or four valves or shutters not feigned and imaginary but true interchangably disposed which resist the blood flowing in abundantly I have many times shewed those valves and an inferior branch of this Vein ending into the Trunk of the Vena Cava below the Kidneys For which cause it cannot drink up nor transmit purulent matter into the Kidneys This branch serves to disburthen the Vena Cava above the Heart if blood do any time there abound or be contained in any great quantity within the little branches or twigs of the Azygos or solitary Vein Furthermore you shal search out the mutual Anastomoses of the twigs of the Anastomoses Azygos oâ— solitary Vein with the twigs of the Chest Vein under the lesser saw-fashioned Muscle near the Arm-Piâ—ts Hence it comes that in the Pleurisie the pained side is better disburâ—hened and the pain sooner eased by opening the Vena Basilica than any other Vein After the Azygos or solitary Vein out of the Trunk of the Cava ascending the Intercostals arise on a T. 12. f. 2. b b. â–¡ each side one if the branches of Vena Azygos do not reach Intercostals unto the upper Ribs When the Trunk is come as far as the Claves it produces the Mammaria or Dug-Vein which is twofold b T. 12. f. 1. c c. â–¡ internal and external they are both carried through Mammaria the Longitude of the breast-bone unto the Dugs But the internal being the greater having transmitted a branch through an hole in the Breast-bone into the Dugs Runs along unto the Right or streight Muscle that it may Joyn it self to the Epigastrica Hippocrates was wont to open the external in Inflamation and pains of Parts belonging to the Chest But now because of the Obscurity of those Veins that operation is not of use instead whereof Hors-leeches may be applied or Cupping-Glasses with Scarrification In the parting of the Vena Cava you shal under it observe a great Kernel placed Thymus a Kernel so called in the Throat under the Claves like a Pillow that it may gently bear up and enfold the Subclavian branches It is called Thymus In yong Animals it is sost as in Calves and together with the great Kernel of the Pancreas or Sweet-bread it is eaten as a dainty Dish By the swelling of this Kernel Strangulations or a sence of Choaking may happen even to Men but in Women subject to the Mother it is more frequently swelled and Choaks them if they be not releived by Blood-letting Some do recken up three smal Veins which are termed Thymica Capsularis and a T. 12. f. 4. C. c. â–¡ Mediastina whereas notwithstanding the Capsularis and Mediastina are one and the same Mediastina Vein From the b T. 12. f. 5. â–¡ Ramus Subclavius four notable branches do arise The first is cal-Anterior Cervicalis c T. 12. f. 4. A. â–¡ Cervicalis the foremost Neck-Vein which being drawn out upon the Musculi Mastoides ascends unto the Chin and Waters the fore Parts of the Neck After this follows the d T. 12. f. 4. C. â–¡ Internal Jugular being larger than the external which Internal Jugular ascends unto the Neck under the Musculus Mastoides and about the middle thereof it is divided into three Branches one of which being greatest and thickest creeping along the Vertebra's goes under the Scul making its entrance at the hole which is near the Apophysis Styloidea so as being applied to the lateral Channels of the Meninx dura or Dura Mater is poures out its Blood and goes no farther The Second branch creeps through the sides of the Neck and is distributed under the Jaw The third goes into the Tongue and produces the Ranulae or Veins under the Tongue the opening of which does wonderfully help in Diseases of the Brain A Finger-breadth distant from this Vein you have the Externa e Jugulatis External Jugular which creeping asâ—ant or sloaping under the Clavicula it sends forth two twigs whereof the one passes Obliquely unto the Delta-shaped Muscle under the Shoulder-point and is united unto the Vena Cephalica the other arises to the lateral Parts of the Head where at the corners of the Jaw-bone it is divided into two and is distributed into the Jaws and al the Parts which are subjected unto the Jaw-bone The Other Portion being carryed behind the Eares is distributed into the Fore-Head and hinder Part of the Head and upon the Temples with manifold branches and in these Parts by reason of the Veins Fernelius did conceive that a serous Humor was heaped together which flowing down upon the Parts beneath does breed Fluxions in the Habit of the Body he conceived likwise that an Issue made or a caustick applied to the Cavity behind the Eare did more good than if it had been made in the hinder part of the Head because of a branch of the Jugular Vein reaâ—hing unto the Eye This external Jugular Vein being opened by a skilsul Surgeon in sleepy Diseases Whether and in what Case it may profitably be opened is very good as many Histories do testifie but many wil not allow of it who prefer two or three Hors-Leeches fastened according to the Longitude of the Vein as far as the corner of the lower Jaw where it sticks out and is visible Howbeit you must observe that the internal Jugular does in the Neck communicate with the external and there this external Vein being opened although it reach not unto the Brain yet â—ay it disburthen this Part seeing the internal Jugular is hid under the Muscu us Mastoâ—dâ—us and cannot safely be opened And therefore that saâ—e opening of the Jugulars which is so much spoken of is to be understood of the external Jugulaâ— and not of the internal And because the Arteries and Veins are alwaies conâ—guous and coupled together Aâ—…ries Corâ—… in the same â—…e you shal loâ—k for the srâ—…k of the a Aâ—rta ascending Sprâ—…ging out of the left Ventricle of the Heart it does presently even in its Rise produce the two b Coronaâ—y or Crown Arteries which do compaâ—s the Heart like a Crown These you wil not see exactly unless you cut the Aorta and look into it through the left Ventricle of the heart if there be only one you shal â—ind a little Valve placâ—d at the Oâ—â—fice thereof as in the Coronary Vein The Tâ—unk of the Aorta after a little progress is without the Pericaâ—dium divided into Two Branches the one whereof is termed c Ascendenâ— the other d Descendent The ascendent is triparted three Arteries being brought from the same place that on the right side ascending to the Claves makes the a T. 12. f. 4. B. â–¡ Subolavia dexira the Subclaviae other two
being of its own Nature cold and moist is nourished only with the What Blooâ— the Brain nourishâ— with purer and more spiritous arterial blood which ascends by the Carotides and passes speedily forth And though the Spirits are tempered they loose none of their subtility because they are not mingled with the Air. From the Plexus Mirabilis blood ascends by the Arteries which spring from the said Plexus unto the Crown of the Head where the blood Channels of the brain are Scituate From whence it distils into the lower and side Parts of the brain and also by that same great Vein mentioned by Galen which makes the Plexus Choroides it is distributed into the inferior Parts And therefore in bleedings of the Nose the most pure blood does alwaies come What Blood comes away in the Nose bleeding away whereas that which is taken away by opening the Veins of the Arms or feet seems alwaies most impure Whereby you may know that it is only the Arterial blood which nourishes the brain and which comes away by the bleeding at Nose and it was not without Cause that Fernelius would have it stopped after it had bleed a pound to coole the body and extinguish the Feaver And therefore refrigerating and astringent Medicaments are to be applied not only to the hinder Part of the Neck but also before upon th Carotick or sleepy Arteries You shal observe that the Air drawn in by the Nostrils does not pass under nor Whether the Air goes which is drawa in at the Nostrils Whether it is mingled with the Spirits enter into the foremost Ventricles of the brain because they are void of any Insets but being shed externally round about the Crassa Meninx it cools the Surface of the brain Nor is it mingled with the Spirits because they ought to be most subtile otherwise by permistion or mingling of the Air they would become more thick and would not run so swistly by the Nerves al the body over The same I conceive touching the Air received into the Lungs that it is not mixed with the vital Spirit but only cools the Lungs Now that the brain may be demonstrated after that manner which Varolius describes The Manner of Dissecting the brain and the History of its Parts in a particular Book You shal saw in sunder the Scul of a body newly dead round about near the Eyes and the hollow of the hinder part of the Head and with a pair of Pinsers you shal take of the upper portion of the Socket of the Eyes that you may draw out the Eyes hanging at their Optick Nerves Afterwards having pulled the Dura a T. 16. f. 1. A A. f. 2. D D. c. T. 17. f. 1. A A. â–¡ Meninx from the Scul round about with help of a Spatula leave it at the Basis of the Scul where it sticks exceeding fast to the Bones Then you shal take out the Brain and as much of the Spinal Marrow as you can both at once and let some body hold the Brain turned upside down in both his hands whiles you shal dissect it But you shal first search within the Dura Mater for those four bendings or c T. 16. f. 5. a b c e. â–¡ Hollownesses for the place of the d f. 5. F. â–¡ Press the great Vein described by Galen which makes the Plexus e f. 5. f f. â–¡ Choroides and that division of the brain which resembles a f f. 2. A A. f. 5. E E. â–¡ Sickle Afterwards returning to the Basis of the Brain you shal observe the Tenuis Meninx to be more easily plucked and separated in the lower than in the upper Part because the Petty-Brain in its Basis or Bottom is not so ful of turnings away and windings as on the top And therefore the thick Meninx being first taken we meet with that same Rete Mirabite or Miraculous g T. 18. f. 3. P P P P. â–¡ Net made of Multitudes of smal Arteries springing from the h f. 3. C C. â–¡ Carotick Arteries and two other i f. 3. O O. â–¡ ascending through the holes of the Vertebraes of the Neck but it will be torn which cannot be prevented Now each of the Carotick or Sleepy-Arteries enters within the Scul divided into two to Weave that same wonderful Net and creeping upwards through the windings of the brain it is disseminated up and down every way even as far as the Longitudinal Cavity of the Dura Meninx The Carotis is drawn obliquated and as it were crook backt within that same winding hole at the Basis of the Scul and within its Cavity containes certain very smal Bones like those which are called Sesamoidea Neither has Nature placed these little bones only in these Arteries but she has likewise inserted them into other Arteries where it was requisite that they should be kept open b T. 17. f. 2. I I. â–¡ Then you shal observe that the Processus a T. 18. f 3. a a. â–¡ Mammillares or Teat-like Productions do not run out so far as Varolius has described them Then you shal see the growing together of the b T. 17. f. 1. T. â–¡ Optick c f. 1. S S. V V. â–¡ Nerves near the Choana or Funnel And therefore Masticatories may do good in the Diseases thereof Also you shal observe that the Veins of the Plexus d f. 1. O O R R. â–¡ Choroides descending to the Basis of the e f. 1. P P. â–¡ Brain are interwoven with exceeding smal Kernels In that place the Plexus Choroides is more easily discerned than upon the foremost Ventricles Afterward you shal contemplate four tuberous Eminencies two f T. 16 f. 4. c c. â–¡ before scituate in the middle of the brain and the other two g f. 4. b b. â–¡ behind which constitute the Cerebellum or petty Brain Those Eminencies or Risings do receive four white and hard Roots of the Spinal Marrow whereof the foremost longest and hardest are drawn along between the greater Eminences of the Brain The other two short ones are carried within the petty brain which a thickened Portion of the Marrow of the said petry-brain placed athwart as broad as a mans Thumb does fasten together like a Swath-band and is by Varolius termed h T. 18. f. 4. by C C C. â–¡ Ponticulus or rather it is the pavement of the Channel from the third into the fourth Ventricle And the said Channel lies above those foremost Roots of the Spinal Marrow and is stretched out according to their longitude Between the growing together of the Optick Nerves and the foremost Roots of the Spinal Marrow there appears a foursquate hole which is taken for the i f. 3. E. â–¡ Choana or Funnel serving to discharge the Excrements of the Ventricles of the Brain When you have viewed al these things you shal pass over unto the a T. 16. f. 6. D D. T. 17. f. 2. A A. T.
of the Vital which is continually brought in great The place where the Animal Spirits are made according to our Authâ—r quantity by the Carotick Arteries to the Basis of the Brain where the branches meeting and being woven together do make the Rete Mirabile from which innumerable branches are derived into the Crassa Meninx that the blood may aâ—cend on every hand to those blood-channels of the Dura Mater which I coâ—ceive does alone palpitate or pant and I have seen in Fractures of the Skul that when that Membrane is broken the brain remains immovable Seeing therefore the foremost Ventricles are opened in the Basis of Brain and equal in their widness to the upper Cavities of the said Ventricles and are close unto the Rete Mirabile from it the Ventricles draw their Spirits or the Spirits exhaling from that Texture whose Arterâ—es are exceeding tender and thin they are brought along into the â—oremost Ventricles and soon after by the third Ventricle which serves instead of a Channel or passage they are forthwith carried by a streight course into the fourth Ventricle the Cistern or Conduit Head of Spirits that from thence they may be distribuâ—ed into the inferior Nerves and into the Cavity of the Spinal Marrow But the seven Pair of Nerves are propagated from those four Eminencies of which the two greater do form and enclose the sides of the foremost Ventricles the other two make the sides of the fourth Ventricle whose Roof and fore and after parts are made up by the double Apophysis Scolicoides Those four Eminencies are Spongy and receive Spirits which run directly into the Nerves of the Spinal Marrow by the â—ourth Ventricle And no man can deny that the Nerves of â—he brain are the off-springs of those four Eminencies and so this Proposition is to be interpreted All Nerves of the Body and Brain do spring from the Spinal Marrow either within or without the brain I deny not that the Spirits are diffused through the whol substance of the brain and not wholly contained in the Ventricles but I aver that the Ventricles are the true Shops or Work-Houâ—es of â—he Animal Spirit which is distributed unto the seven Couple of Nerves and to the Spinal Marrow That this is abâ—uâ—d and impossible Hofmâ—n does thus seek to prove 1. Arg. There is the Spirit made where the Action is performed I Answer many Actions are performed in parts in which no Spirits are bred The Arguments of Hoâ—man to the contrary answered and I deny that in the Body of the Brain al Actions are performed Again there needs no other elaboration than their passage through the brain for as the blood of the Veins passing through the Hearts Ventricles is in a moment made Vital so the Vital Spirits running through the middle of the Brain as far as the Ventricle do become Animal For if it were needful that the Animal Spirit should be elaborated in the Substance of the Brain it would lose much of its â—ubtilty because the brain is cold and moist 2 d Arg. of Hofman If the Spirit be to act it must needs be under the command of the Soul in the Vessels for after that it is entered into the Sea of the Veâ—tricles what is there to compel the same to return into the straâ—t passages of the Neâ—ves I â—nâ—wer If the Spirit be diffâ—â—ed into the whol substance of the brain being really soft as Wax how can it return into the Nerves seeing there are no Vessels running through the â—ubstance of the brain Those bloody marks wherewith it is sprinâ—â—ed are poinâ—s of blood dropping down from above out of the Arteries which runs between the winding substance of the brain The great Providence of Nature because the blood could not pieâ—ce nor pass through the midst of the Substance of the brain hath carried the same through the Channels of the Dura Mater as far as the â—â—ood passages whence â—â— slides into the â—â—ferior parts and by the Press oâ— that great Vein which Constiâ—utes the Plexus Choroides it â—â—ows into the Venâ—ricles More probable it were to assign the Seat and Shop of the Animal Spirits in the Plexus Choroides which is diffuâ—ed through al the Cavities of the brain as far as the baâ—â—s thereof But shew me friend Hofman the way by which the Animal Spirits made of the Vital may be diffused into the substance of the brain so as to flow back into the Nerves 3 d Arg. The Ventricles are surrounded within with the Pia Mater which â—inders the ingress and regresâ— of the Spirits I Answer If the Ventricles have for their Covering the thin Meninx the passage is thereby the saâ—er into the foremost Ventricles without any loss at all I have already demonstrated in an Entrance in the basis of the brain being the way into the fourth Ventricle there is no need of a regâ—ess for Arterial blood which ascends upwards by the Crassa Meninx distilling into the brain does on al sides afford Spirits to the whol brain neither can the blood penetrate without Spirits 4. Arg. Hofmans strongest Argument is this Seeing the two superior Ventricles open into the third and that into the Funnel and it into the Pallate who will be Suâ—ety that the Spirits will not maâ—e their escape this way I Answer This danger is easily shunned by the continual flux and pulse or driving of the Spirits to the Ciâ—â—ern and that same hole is exceeding smal and so deep even to the Oâ— Sphenâ—â—des that it can equal the length of a mans â—â—â—ger You who beleeve that the blood passes from the Right Ventricle of the Heart through the Lungs that it may return into the Left are you not afraid lest we should lose our vital Spirits when we blow ouâ— breath out in Respiration 5. Arg. The Ventricles are not continued with the Nerves but with the whol Body I Answer If the Nerves proceed from those same Eminencies which are Roots oâ— the Spinal Marrow between the Brain and the Petty-brain and they are principal portions of the Brain do not the Nerves arise from the brain it self But you your self have often times written that the Nerves arise within the brain from the â—oots of the Spiâ—al Marrow 6. Arg. The Ventricles have now another Office which cannot stand with that of the Spirits I Answer That I deny any such Office For the Choana or Funnel can pâ—â—ge away any wheyish Excrements which shal be in the Ventricles but the greatest part flowing down by the external windings of the brain unto the basis fals partly into the Os Ethmoides or Colander bone partly it descends to the basis of the brain and if not by the Choana yet by other holes neer abouts it is purged into the Paâ—â—ate But because Hofmans Spirits fail him in â—andling this Quâ—stion can you forbear laughing for they are his own words we shal also leave him to enjoy his self-love with a great flock of bleating Animals so he saies which follows
Inflamation and fluxion And if the Inflamation be very great so that it hinders the coming together of the Eye-Lids and spoiles their Evenness so that the white of the Eye becomes higher than the Iris and Pupilla it is called Chemosis as much as to say Chemosis Hyposphagma Hiatus Hyposphagma is a collection of Blood under the Adnata Tunica or an effusion of blood out of the Capillary Veins into the Adnata proceeding from a blow or bruise There is a Disease of Number in the Tunica Adnata called Pterygium Pterygium and it is a certain Membranons Eminency reaching from the greater corner of the Eye to the Pupilla or a certain hard knob of the Adnata it self both springing from a moist distemper Joyned with a clammy Humor Phlyctena Phlyctena is a pustle or smal Tumor of the Adnata or the neighboring Cornea proceeding from a thick and sharp Tumor so that it terminates in an Ulcer Botrion Epicauma And if it be hollow it is called Botrion or Fossula if it be become crusty t is named Epicauma After the Ulcer follows a Scar which is the Hardness and thickness of a Spermatick Part springing from a wound or Ulcer Diseases of the Cornea Tunica The Ulcers and Scars of the Cornea Tunica have a great resemblance with the Cheloma Diseases of the Adnata in regard of neighborhood yet are they distinguished because the Ulcers and Scars in the black of the Eye that is in the transparent Part of the Cornea belong only to the Cornea such as is the Cheloma which is a broad Ulcer of the Cornea about the Iris. Argemon is a round Whitish Ulcer of the Cornea towards the Circle of the Argemon Iris. Scars in the Black of the Eye or in the Transparent Part of the Cornea do differ Albugo in the degrees of more or less The greater Scar of the Cornea about the Iris or Pupilla because of its whiteness is called Leucoma and Albugo if it be smal it is termed Nephelion or Nebula the Cloud if the Scar be thin it s called Nebula Caligo Achlys Caligo a Mist or Darkness Diseases of the Uvea Tunica The rupture and Exulceration of the Cornea is attended by a Disease of the Proptosis Vvea in Scituation which is called Proptosis Procidentia when the Vvea sticks out above the Cornea If the Extuberance of the Vvea be smal it s called Myocephalon or the Flie-Head Myocephalon Staphyloma Melon Clavus because it resembles the Head of a Flie if it be great t is termed Staphyloma because it resembles a Grap-Stone or Melon as being like an Apple If their be an inveterate Ulcer of the Cornea through which the Vvea fals out it s called Elos Clavus the Nail The Ulcers of the Cornea and Adnata if they be Malignant are termed Carcinomata Diseases of the Pupilla The hole of the Vvea is termed Pupilla the Apple of the Eye Between the Pupilla and Cornea there is a space ful of Spirit and Watry Humor There is a double Disease of that space Zinifisis springing from a dry distemper Zinifisis which consumes the Watry Humor and Dissipates the Spirit or from a wound which lets out the Watry Humor and suffers the Spirit to vanish and reek away The other Disease of the space is an Obstruction from a corrupted Flegmatick or purulent Humor If it proceed of a purulent Humor or Quittor it is called Hypopium Suffusio Hypopium if the Obstruction be caused by Flegm it s termed Hypochyma Suffusio But Hypopium followes an Inflamation and Hypochyma is caused for the most Part by a Congestion or Concretion of a thick Humor if the Disease be proper or primary and do not arise by consent from the Stomath sending Vapors up into the Eye Fernelius saw a thick and perfect Suffusion bred in one daies time for if a thick Humor suddenly falling into the Optick Nerve do blind a man in a moment why may not the same Humor falling lower into the Pupilla breed a sudden and perfect Suffusion The narrowness of the Pupilla springs either from the first formation in the Corrugatio Womb or from a dry distemper and then it is called Phthisis or Corrugatio Galen writes that a smal Pupilla from from ones Birth is occasion of a very sharp sight but when it happnes a whil after t is bad In his first Book of the Causes of Symptomes Chap. 2. The Dilatation of the Pupilla is called Mydriasis or Platu-Corie It springs Mydriasis from a moist distemper or from a Rupture or by breach of Continuity caused by a blow Diseases of the Chrystallin and Glassie Humor Diseases of the Vitreous and Chrystallin Humors are either a distemper simple Distemper or with Humors conjoyned or such as happen in the consistence of the said Humors viz. Thickness and hardness The distemper of the Humors and Coats of the Eye if it happen without a Tumor or an Ulcer is commonly attributed to the weakness of the Faculty and the quality and quantity of the spirits being misaffected but neither of these is a Disease they are rather effects of a Disease for what is the weakness of a faculty other than Actio laesa the action hurt Thickness of the Spirits is caused by a cold and moist distemperature either proper Thinness of the Spirits Their Paucity to the Eye or by consent with the brain or some inferior Parts Paucity of Spirits comes from a dry distemper either of the Eye or the brain the Cause and fomenter of which distemper may be a Cholerick Humor not purged out of the body being the cause and Effect of a distempered Liver The thickness and hardness of the Chrystallip Humor is properly termed Glaucosis Glaucoma or Glaucoma because the color thereof resembles that of an Owles Eyes it proceeds from a cold and dry distemper and is therefore familiar to aged Persons The Disease of the Chrystalline Humor in respect of its Scituation has no name but if it be somwhat higher and flatter than ordinary it produces a Symptome whereby all things appear double The watry Humor may run out by a prick in the Eye but it is bred again in Running out of the watry Humor Thickness of the Visive spirit Children as Galen saw by experience and as we may observe in Chickens The Visive or seeing Spirit implanted in the Eye may become thick and surround the Chrystalline Humor with darkness and obscurity as the implanted Hearing-Spirit of the Ear being rendred thick does cause deafness or thickness of Hearing Diseases of the Optick Nerve The Optick Nerve may be troubled with any kind of distemper and with solution Obstruction of continuity but the proper and usual Disease thereof is Obstruction which is known by a sudden blindness the other Parts of the Eye being al sound which made the Neotericks cal this Disease Gutta Serena and
of Cholerick and Wheyish Symptomes of the Excrements Excretion of blood Choler serum quittor c. Humors but also of quitter and blood proceeding from the brain neither is so great a quantity of quittor as is avoided bred in the Cavities but in the Brain If an intollerable inflamatory and pulsatory pain does occupy the hinder parts of the head and the matter flows thither and there stops the pain abiding it wil be safe to boar an hole in the hinder part of the Head that Egress may be given to the quittor when no great danger is like to follow from the said operation The Ear-Worms termed Eblai which are voided from the Ears belong to the Worms Irregularity of things voided from these parts It is good in Children for the internal and external Parts of their Ears to run and void much Humor because it purges their Brain and prevents great Diseases There is in Diseases observed a great Sympathy between the Eares Mouth Lungs and Wesand and therefore when the Ears are hurt the voyce is changed by reason of the Auditory Nerve which being spread into the Throat reaches as far as the Wesand or Wind-Pipes Head And when Nature has been accustomed to Purge out the Excrements of the Brain by the Ears the stoppage of that Purgation has made many to die suddenly Chap. 5. Of the Face and outside of the Mouth THe Face is the broad and fore part of the head comprehending the Fore-Head The Face described in a living and dead Man without dissection and therefore the a T. 15 f. 3. A. â–¡ Fore-Head b f. 1. between F F. T. 19. al. â–¡ Eyes c T. 15. f. 1. G I. â–¡ Nose and Mouth with its d f. 1. N N. â–¡ Lips as far as the Chin do belong unto the Face which as it is the subject of Anatomical dissection is divided into the Parts internal and external The External Parts are the Scarf-Skin and the Skin which are thin and very It s Paris smooth in Women The internal Parts are the Muscles of the e f. 1. G H I. c. â–¡ Nose f f. 1. K L M N. â–¡ Lips and inferior jaw whose empty Spaces are filled up with fat Moreover the Musculus Latissimus does cover the side of the Face as far as the Fore-Head yea and it compasses the whol Neck excepting the hinder Part thereof The Muscles of the Lips are the Extremities of the Mouth the other Muscles which belong to the lower Jaw as the a T. 15. f. 1. P P. Temperal Muscle the Muscle called b f. 1. S. â–¡ Masseter possessing the sides of the Face shal be explained in our History of the Muscles The Mouth therefore is a Slit in the Skin of the Face necessary for breathing The Mouth described speech and nourishment of the body for by the Mouth we breath speak and receive our Food The extremities of this Slit art termed c f. 1. N N. â–¡ Lips which are moved by Muscles in their The Lips opening and shutting The utmost bound of the Face is called the d f. 1. n. â–¡ Chin as the upper extremity The Chin. thereof from the Eye-Brows to the beginning of the Hairs is termed the e f. 3. A. â–¡ Fore-Head The sides of the Face are the f f. 1. O. â–¡ Cheeks The internal Parts of the Mouth as the The Cheeks g f. 1. R S T. c. f. 2. A B C. c. â–¡ Teeth Gums h T. 10. f. 1. g g. Palate i T. 13. f. 15. A. â–¡ Throat k f 14. A c. â–¡ Tongue shal be described in order The l f. 9. 10. c. â–¡ Larynx m f. 11 12 23. â–¡ Os Hyoides n T. 3. f. 2. 3. â–¡ Pharynx and the o f. 16 17. c. â–¡ Glandules appertain unto the Neck The Face besides Veins and Arteries has a notable p T. 18. f. 2. A. â–¡ Nerve from the third pair The Vissels which is carryed along between two q f. 2. c c. c. boney plates under the pavement of the Orbita or Socket of the Eye and is branched up and down like a Gooses Foot through the whol Face by the Nose as far as the Lips gf 6. m n o. â–¡ h f. 6. L L. â–¡ The Medicinal Consideration The Skin of the Face is the Looking-Glass wherein are seen the Diseases of the Diseases of the Face Body especially of the Liver Spleen and Lungs for look what Humor bears sway in the bowels the same shews it self forth in the Face If there be a lasting Ruddyness in the Cheeks it is a Sign of an hot Liver if the Redness be seated upon upon the balls above the Cheeks it argues an hot distemper of the Lungs If Choler stick in the pores of the Skin it causes Freckles if the Color proceed from Sunburning The Rose being in the Sun it is termed Ephelis If Redness remain setled on a great Part of the Face it is named Gutta Rosacea and those who are spotted on that manner are termed Antirhoei Palenes is commonly seen in Virgins and such as are recovered out of some Sickness Green-Sickness The Green-Sickness is a slow Feaver in Virgins and other young Women that want their Courses In such as are sickly and crasie the Color of the Face is without blood because the whol Mass of blood is Wheyish and therefore the blood of the Face being such must needs be of an Wheyish Color Those that are so affected are called Liphaemoi blood-les A bad Color of the Face both in Sick and sound persons is termed Cacochroia Furthermore the Face is made rough and deformed by burning Pustles Ionthi Vari Fici Naevi and Spilloi An hard Push is called Ionthos because it represents a branch of the flowring Ionthos Violet Varus is an harder knob and not so red and fiery as the Ionthos Ficus is a certain Varus Wart Lichen Impetigo or Darta is a roughness or Scaly Eminence of the Skin if it Lichen be dry if it be moist it Exulcerates and runs Naevi Warts are smooth knobs white or blewish which if they be of a Warts bad Color they must not be tampered with least some worse and cancerous disposition follow and Seneca saies that a face without Warts or moles is not pleasing It is a wonderful thing how these Warts of the Face do produce others in divers Parts of the body which answer the measure of the Face as far as the Neck Of which subject Ludovicus Septalius has composed a most Elegant Book Black and blew Color in the Skin of the Face proceeding from a bruise is called Hypopium Hypopium Spilloi are Sooty Excrements of the Skin intruded into the pores thereof which Spilloi are pulled out either by a pin or by squeesing the Skin or by some emollient Medicament
that same boney a T. 15. f. 6. â— â–¡ partition placed between the bones of the Nose being a continuation of Os Vomeris The Nose is cloathed externally with the Cuticula and Cutis under which lie the Membrane Muscles b T. 15. f. 1. G H. c. â–¡ Muscles The inner Parts of the Nose are invested with a Membrane sprinkled with fleshy Fibres by the help of which the Pinnacles of the Nose are contracted when the breath is strongly drawn in as the said Pinnacles are widened by other external Muscles the description whereof you shal find in my History of the Muscles Book the 5. To the Nose do belong the Seive like plate of the Colander bone and the Mamillary or Teat-like Productions ending at these bones and given out to be the Organs or Instruments of Smelling Some would doubt whither those Caruncles or little bits of Flesh which are thrust into the Spungy bones are the proper Instruments of smelling or only some way subservient thereunto because when they are overmoistened or by any Diseases impaired the smelling is depraved or wholly lost c T. 15. f. 5. C C. â–¡ d T. 18. f. 3. a a. â–¡ The Medicinal Consideration The Gristly Parts of the Nose are Inflamed Bruised and Vlcerated the Diseases of the whole Nose hony Parts are broken al of them are troubled with distempers but especially with organick Diseases springing from a bad Conformation as when the Nose is crooked inwards like a saddle which is oftimes caused by external Causes but if a Child be born with a Saddle-Nose it may be then raised and rectified For as Plato reports in his Alcibiades if the King of Persia had a Daughter so born they did thrust Pipes into the Childs Nose and reduce it by little and little to its right shape by widening the bones and Gristles whiles they were yet Waxy and pliable An over great and high Nose cannot be cut shorter without making the party more deformed If in persons grown up the Nose be Swelled with Tuberous Excrescencies of Flesh that fault may be mended by cutting of the said luxuriating Flesh The inside of the Nose is apt to Swel and is infested with Inflamatory bunches Of the inside Tubercula Ozena which come to suppuration but far within in the Spungy bones and their Caruncles there is bred a filthy stinking Ulcer called Ozaena which is offensive both to the Patients and al that come near them and is very hard to cure Somtimes the little bones are corrupted and come out at the Nostrils The Caruncles being swelled with or without an Ulcer cause the Polypus which fals into the Nostrils or it fils Polypus the hollow places above the Palate reaching as far as the Throat The Polipus is neatly discribed by Celsus in his sixt Book Chapter the eight Unless it be of a Malignant Color and painful it may safely be cut away by the Roots if possible which is the true Cure for otherwise it wil grow again if any Part be left remaining after section A Malignant Cancerous Polypus must not be medled withaleither by cutting burning or caustick Medicaments for if it be exasperated it eates and devours the whol Face Symptomes of the Nose are either its action hurt or simple affections thereof Symptomes of the Nostrils Smelling lost or the Irregulary of what is voided forth The action of the Nose is Smelling which is abolished diminished or depraved The Causes of the smel diminished or abolished are the same to wit the obstruction of the inward passages of the Colander-bones and the Mammillary productions in which the â—melling is exercised Diminished If the foremost Ventricles be stopped other parts of the Nose remaining intire it is known by the perfection of speech which shews that the Colander and Spungy bones with the Mammillary Productions are free The Smelling is depraved when al things seem to stink and when the Patient depraved perceives a stink in his Nose which is likewise discerned by the standers by The true Cause of this Symptome is a putrified Humor congealed in those Cavities If the Putrefaction be within the Scul the stink is not perceived by the Patient but is discerned by those which converse with him as Fernelius judiciously observes Simple affections of the external Nose are spors which are black and blew or red Spots and deforme the same They must be taken away or corrected with some Fucus if there be no other Remedy The Irregularity of Excretions consists in Bleeding at the Nose and in a Nose-bleeding Coryza Flux of Serosities therefrom which causes the Coryza or Grauedo or a continual Nose-dropping Hippocrates in his sixt Book of Aphorismes saies Such as have running Noses are unhealthy In bleeding at the Nose the blood either comes from the Nostrils opened by Cause of Nose-bleeding picking or from that same long Cavity of the Dura Mater which reaches unto the Nostrils if the Veins be opened by the sharpness of the blood or the abudance thereof after it has flowed a while it must be stopped by opening a Vein in the Arm unless the blood flow critically Fernelius would have al bleedings at the Nose to be stopped be they what they wil and would have a Vein opened to that end contrary to the Doctrine of Hippocrates Blood coming from the inner Parts of the Nose may be stopped but it is very hard to stop the same when it comes from the Menings or Coates of the Brain Dropping of blood from the Nose in burning and Malignant Feavers is bad both It s Cure as a Cause and a signe because it does not ease the Patient and it shews a Plenitude in the brain and that nature being weak is not able to disburthen herself In such a case great care is to be taken of the head by Revulsion and Derivation of the blood and by cooling of the Head for fear of Inflamation or some Sleepy Disease If bleeding at the Nose be stopped in young people accustomed thereunto and their brains Ake through fullness they must be let blood The Ancients did open the inward Veins of the Nose which Practice is left off because the way they did it is to us unknown Fernelius writes that Wormes as long as ones Finger have been found in Saddle-Noses being there bred which at last made the Patients mad and killed them those Wormes were thought to have been cast out of the brain where as indeed they were born and bred in the Cavities of the Nose For Wormes bred in the Ventricles of the brain cannot come out unless they should eat a sunder or break the Sieve-like table of the Colander-bone That which Fernelius has written is worthy of consideration in reference to Diseases of the Head That in Nose-bleedings the blood comes out not from the brain but out of the Veins of the Nostrils The Veins saith he do run into the Nose not from the inner
Longitudinal passage creepiâ—g unto the Nostâ—â—ls may be opened therefore â— conceive those Parts are frequenâ—ly to be fomenâ—ed with Luke-warm Water before we use thoâ—e Instruments pâ—opounded by Aretaeus The manner of opening those Veins propounded by Albucasis may be admitted but it does not peneâ—rate to the inmost Part of the Nosâ—â—â—ls as far as the Colander bone The Veins under the Tongue termed Raâ—ulares are more frequently opened In the Mouth with good success in Diseases of the Throat and Head Only Aurelianus against Diocles has disallowed that Practice alleadging that it fills the Head and the blood cannot be stopt Lib. 1. Acut. c. 12. True it is that in some the blood has Issued so plentifully that it could very hardly be stopped as was observed in a Capuchin Friar Father Joseph le Clerc the great Polititian and â—amiliar friend of the Cardinal Richelieu as Simon Pimpernel a most expart Surgeon of Paris hiâ—self told me he having opened the said Veins in the Friaâ— aforesaid In the Neck the a T. 1. f. 1. H. â–¡ external Jugular is opened Tâ—alliâ—nus in Cure of the Squinsie In the Neck opened the same with good success Lib 4. Chaâ— 1. And Soranus Ephesius in his Introduction Chap. 12. Commends the opening of this Vein In like manner Actuarius commends this Practice in dangerous Diseaâ—es of the Head Caesalpinus Lib. 2. Quaest Medic. Chap. 12. Commands the opening of this Vein in a Squinzy because the Jugular Veins are more filled than the shut cover and Mouth of the Larynx Prosper Alpinus in his 2. Book of the Aegyptian manner of healing Diseases Chap. 9. Writes that this is a common Remedy in that Contrey b T. 1. f. 1. I. â–¡ c T. 1. K. â–¡ Jacobus Corpus in his Anatomical Introductions shews the way to open those Veins Read Paulus Magnus Lib. de Phlebotomia printed in the Italian Tongue And Rondeletius in his Meâ—hodâ—â—s Medendi Ludâ—vâ—cus Mercatus Chap. 13. Method Medend And Albucasis Lib. 2. Chap. 97. Rondeletius â—els us of a Vein in the Back Lib. 1. Methodi Melendi Chap. 37. In the Back Which he saies is to be found in the first Vertebra of the Back it is seen elevated on the top of the Vertebraes creeping down the back as far as Os Sacrum It seems to flow from the brain according to the Longitude of the spinal Marrow He lets us know that this Vein is profitably opened in the Tetanus and Falling-Sickness and if it be not so visible as to be opened in that place must Cupping-Glasses be fastened with Scarification Ludovicus Mercatus in Lib. 1. Practicae Cap. 19. Commends this Remedy against the Convulsion Hippocrates in his Book de Visu burnes and pricks the Veins of the back which Remedy is propounded by Alexander Benedictus Lib. 1. de Morbis Curandis c. 5. And Gattiuaria advises to open the same in in his Comment upoâ— the 9. Book of Rhasis In the Arm three Veins are opened the Cephalick or Head Vein accompanyed In the Arm by an a T. 1. f. 1. Q. R. T. 24. f. 4. a a a. c. â–¡ Artery without any Nerve and therefore it is opened without danger The Basilica and Mediana are opened but the b T. 1. f. 1. M. T. 24. f. 1. C C. â–¡ Basilica must be opened with prudent waryness by reason of an Artery near the same and the Tendon of Musculus Biceps which lies beneath it neither is the c T. 1. f. 1. N. T. 24. f. 1. f f. c. â–¡ Mediana void of the like danger In the Hand between the Ring Finger and the little Finger the d T. 1. f. 1. P. â–¡ Salvatella is â–¡ opened the opening thereof many account superstition howbeit Hippocrates opened the Veins of the Hands and this Remedy has not been rejected by learned Physitians especially in long lasting Sicknesses and in the Quartan Ague at the Conjunction of the Sun and Moon which I have known to have succeeded happily both to other Physitians and to my self in old Quartans after the use of divers Medicaments It is not our Custom to open the Veins in the lower part of the Thigh above the Knee yet Lazarus Sotus saies that they are opened in Portugal in his 1 Book of Animadversions Chap. 4. Sect. 61. To stop gouty Defluxions into the Legs and to diminish the deformity of the Varices or black swoln Veins of those Parts the Ancients were wont to open them And Platerus commends this Remedy to to diminish the Varices Which may be confirmed out of Galen Lib. 2. Methodâ— ad Glauconem In the â—oot is opened the a Saphena which is above the Malleolus internus oâ— In the Foot inner Ancle bone or the continvation thereof in Tarso or the swelling side of the Foot between the Heel and the great Toe Somtimes the b T. 1. f. 1. SS T. 24. f. 4. m. â–¡ Ischiadica Vena or Sciatica Vein is opened which is Scituate in the external Ankle But this Vein ought not to be opened without very great heed to the place where the Orifice is made because of an Artery near and Tendons very near the same 'T was usual with the Ancients to open the c T. 24. f. 4. f f. â–¡ Ham Vein which is now a daies seldom performed and quite out of use neverâ—heless the opening thereof would be as beneficial as is the opening of the Arm Veins It might be conveniently opened if the Leg be put into a Vessel of hot Water above â—â—â—hether the Foot Veins may be opened and how the Knee and rubbed as is usual in bleeding at the Arm also a double Ligature may be used one above and the other below the Knee It is easily found and safely opened below the hollow of the Ham at the beginning of the Musculi Gemelli and a sick Woman as she lies in her bed may as conveniently present her Leg as the Arm being covered with the sheet or other fitting covering Though the Sciatica Vein and the Saphena are branches of the Crural Vein yet because the Sciatica Vein does answer the Basilica as the Saphena does tâ— Cephalica of the Arm certain it is blood is drawn by a more direct way froâ— the Sciatica Vein then from the Saphena Howbeit Galen in his second Book Secundum Locos Chap. 2. The Sciatica Vein not appearing admits the Saphena to be opened in stead thereof And if it appear not in the outward Ankle its branch must be opened on the Tarsus or pulp of the Foot beneath the Ankle or above the Ankle if it be visible It s also possible to make it the more apparent by such a kind of Ligature as the Author of the Book de Anatomia Vivorum has described made with a long and broad Swath-band brought from the top of the Hip as low as the Ankle Chap. 6. Of the Arteries which are opened THe Ancient Physiâ—ians were wont to open Arteries as wel as Veins
its tendon united to the Psoas is terminated in the small Trochanter Having turned the Body you shal proceed to the Muscles which make the Buttocks called Gloutii that is buttock Muscles There are three of them resting one upon another The first and greatest b T. 23. f. 2. B. f. 3. A. â–¡ Buttock Muscle you shal seperate towards its tendon Gloutius major both before and behind having first made it cleane and freed it from the fat Then you shal proceed in your section upwards til the whole is on all sides cut of til you come to its insertion which is in the great Trochanter and there you shall leave it or having first taken away the broad band you shal cut off the said Muscle in the fore part Under this lies the Gloutius c T. 23 f. 3. B f. 4. C. â–¡ Medius or middlemast Buttock muscle which may Medius easily be separated in its upper and lateral part towards the Os sacrum But beneâ—â—h the middle part of the Gloutius Secundus the T. 23. f. 4 B. â–¡ third is placed immediately fastened Minimus to the Os Ilium this Muscle you must not cut of Between the middle and the lesser Buttock Muscles there are two remarkable veins which from the Hypogastrica doe creep over the Obturator Internus â— with an Aâ—â—eâ—â—e Hand in Hand and a portion of the Nervus major posticus they spread themselves into numerous branches and there arise most cruel pains in the inmost parts of the Buttocks which counterfeit the sciatica or Hip-gout Would not drawing blood from the Haemorrhoid Veins serve well to disbuâ—â—hen these parts In the next place you shal proceed to the Quadrigemini and the Obturatores Quadrigemini which are seen beneath the greater Buttock Muscle being taken away The uppermost being the first and longest of all is called the a T. 23. f. 3. â— f. 4. D. â–¡ Pyriformis unto which the two b T. 23. f. 3. b f. 4. G. â–¡ Purvi or little ones doe follow in order coupled together that between them â—…d in their Bosome as it were they might contein the Tendon of the Obturator internus To these two there is orderly adjoyned the c T. 23. f. 3. D. f. 4. E. â–¡ Quratus Quadrigeminus being broader and more fleshy than the rest The Obturatores are two the d T. 23. f. 3. E. f. 4. F. â–¡ internall and the T. 23. f. 4. â— â–¡ external the Internal has its Obturator internus orginal out of the Circumference of the Oval hole and its Tendon being carried along between two Ligaments and being hid in the bosome or holownesse of the second and third Quadrigeminal Muscles it is carried into the Cavity of the great Trochanter And therefore you must pul asunder the second and and third Quadrigeminals before this Muscle can come in sight Now the Ligaments through which the Tendon of the Obturator Internus is carried are two the one being external is carried from the Os sacrum to the Tuberosity of the Os Ischij the other being internal and placed beneath the external is carried from the same Os sacrum into the spina of the Os Ischij The Obturator externus cannot be discovered unless the fourth broad Quadrigeâ—…nal Externus Muscle be plucked back and that the Propagation thereof may more evidâ—â—â—ly appeare you shal take away the Musculus Triceps or Three-Headed Muscle Sometimes I have observed above the Primus Quadrigeminus the Iliacus exterâ—… Graciâ—… which from the lower and transverse spines of the Os sacrum did â—nd into the top or the great Trochanter You shal therefore anatomise and shew eleven Muscles of the Thigh placed above the Os Ilium In the hinder part are nine Three Gloutij or Buttock Muscles which being drawen aside there appeare four Quadrigemini and two Obturatores In the fore part and hollowness of the Os Ilium are found two Muscles the Psoas which indeed has its original higher than from the Os Ilium and the Iliacus Muscles of the Leg. In the Thigh from the Haunch to the knee and Ham you shal observe and shew eleven Muscles In the fore part you shal find seven the Longus the Fascia lata the Rectus Sutorius Membranosus Rectus Vasti Crureus gracilis the Dâ—â—o Vasti the Crureus and the Triceps which are so situate that in the first place you meet with the longus or â—uâ—orius then the Membranosus or Fascia â—ata According to the streighâ—â—eâ—s and length of the thigh the Rectus Gracilis is drawne out Neare and bordering upon this are the Vasti dâ—o under which lies the Crureus which immediately covers the Os femoâ—iâ— or Thigh-Bone Adjoyning to the vastus internus is the Triceps which lieâ— scuâ—keing within the Thigh In the hinder-part of the thighs you shal find four disposed after this manner Unto the Triceps on the Inside is â—â—â—â—ened the Gracilis Posticus bordering upon it is the seminervosus with the Semimembranosus and between this and the vastus externus is the Musculus Biceps placed In the forepart of the thigh you must begin at the a T. 23. f. 1. l l. â–¡ Long Muscle which being cut of you shal cleverly take away the Fascia b f. 1. E. c c c. â–¡ â—â—â—a either all of it or as much as you can and you shal bring it as far as to the knee Then you shal cut of the Gracilis c f. 1. F F. â–¡ Rectus Afterwards you shal proced unto the two vasti which that you may more easily separate from the Crureus they are distinguished one from another by a line running between them which you shal cut up Then you shal dissect the Vastus d f. 1. G G. â–¡ Externus by the latus externum but it is harder to seperate the Vastus e f. 1. H H. â–¡ internus And you shal begin to separate the same at the lower part neare the Patella and thrusting in your hand and neatly mannageing your penknife you shal cut it towards the upper parts and so the two Vasti shal be severed from the a T. 23. f. 1. c. â–¡ Crureus From these you shal come unto the Triceps which may more truly be termed Triceps quadâ—icepâ— or rather quadrigeminus because of foure Heads and as many distinct â—merâ—ions It is placed in the inner part of the Thigh and its first and upmost portion growing Pectineus out of Os Pubis seems to be a Distinct Muscle which in regard of its situation may be termed Pectineus I have sometimes found four other portions perfectly distinct one from another besides the Pectineus and the last portion was veâ—â—e long like a semi-nervous Muscle and was carried on with a sinewy tendon as far as to the Leg. I conceive this is the Muscle which has been in women observed distinct from the rest in the hinder part of the thigh
Epicurus contradicting aristotle maintaines as possible in the 8. Booke of Athenaeus his Deipnosophists Aldrovondus has observed that among Fowles the Estrich has solid bones void of marrow But in case a bone should be deprived of its Gristly Crust and of its periostean Membrane it is moved with difficulty and has no feeling at all If a bone become uneven and prominent so as to have bunches upon it it is termed Exostosis which is an effect and concomitant of the venereous pocks when it is of long standing and confirmed howbeit it may spring from some other cause Finally being depraued and mishapen or disjointed it hinders and mars the Action of the whole body or its parts and being divided in its substance it argues solution of Continuity by some cleft or fracture and although a broken bone by the mediation of a Callus becomes soddered together one the outside Yet does it still remaine divided within Chap. 4. Of the Nourishment Sence and Marrow of the Bones While the Bone did live and was nourished it had a twofold sustenance the one The remote matter that nourishes the Bones remote the other conjunct or immediate according to Aristotle in his Book of the parts of live-wights The remote Sustenance of the Bones is the thicker and more earthy part of the blood The next or immediate is the marrow or marrowy liquor which is contained in the hollownes and porositie of the bones Hippocrates in his The immediate matter Book de Alimento saies that the marrow is the Nutriment of the bones and therefore it is that they are Joined together or soddered up by a callus How can it be Whether the Bones have Veines may some man say that the blood should nourish the bones seeing they have no veines which are the channels to conveigh blood to all parts Hippocrates saies in his book de Ossium Natura that of all the bones the lower Jaw-bone alone has veines Galen indeed in his 8. Booke de Placitis attributes unto every bone a Veine greater or Lesser according to the Proportion of the Bones and in his Comment upon the first Booke of Humors he saies that there is a Vessel distributing blood allowed to every bone But he confesses in the last chapter of his 16. Booke de Vsu Partium that the veines of the Bones are so small and fine that thay are not so much as visible in the larger sort of Animals or Live-wights because nature according to the Necessity and Indigence of the Parts bestowes upon some greater upon other lesser Veines moreover the little holes which are found about the extremities of the bones Whether they have Arteries do manifestly declare that somwhat there is which goes into the said Bones now their is nothing goes into the bones but little Veines If we beleive Platerus the Arteries doe no where enter into the bones seeing the spirits can easily penetrate Or Nerves into any of the bones without the service of the Arteries to carry them Neither do I conceive that there are little nerves diffused through the substance of the Bones to give them the sense of feeling because all the feeling they are capable of is by means of the periostean Membrane which does incompass them Nevertheles Nicolas Massa call's God to witnes that he saw a Man who had an ulcer in his thigh so that the bone was bare in which bone there was a sence of paine so that he could not endure to have it touched with a rough instrument in regard of the paines it caused and it was freed from the periostean Membrane Yea and he bored the bone and found that it had the sense of feeling within the same which he therefore thought good to declare that Anatomists might be moved to consider whether some branches of nerves do not Penetrate into the substance of the bones â— Threefold Marrow of the Bones We canot looke into the Cavities and Marrowes of the Bones unles they be first broken I observe a threefold Cavity of the bones and a threefold marrow In the greater Cavites of the larger Bones the Marrow is reddish in the lesser Cavities of the smaller bones the marrow is white In the spungy bones there is contained a marrowy Liquor In the meane while you shall observe that the marrow within the Cavity of the Whether the Marrow of the Bones be compast with a Membrane Bones is compassed with no membrane neither is it made sensible by any little nerves penetrating the substance of the bone as Paraeus does imagine Hippocrates himselfe in his Booke de Principlis was the first that noted this The Marrow of the Back-bone is not like that marrow which is in other Bones for it alone has membranes which no other marrow has besides it Chap. 5. Of Articulations or Jointings of the Bones LET us proceed to the Joinings-together of the Bones To the Articulation of the Bones there concurs an Head There does concur to the Articulations of the Bones the Head the Cavitie the Gristle the Flegmatic moisture and the Ligament Every Head is in its owne nature and original an Epiphysis but in process of time it degenerates into an apophysis The Head is within of a Light spungie and porous substance being filled with blood or with a marrowy Juyce on the outside it is covered with a very hard shell or bark very thin and compact which is crusted over with a smooth and polished Gristle Now the Head of a Bone is a T. 21. f 1. d d. f 4. a. â–¡ great and long or short and flat which is termed b T 21. f 1. 2. I I. â–¡ Candylos The Cavity of the Bone which receives the Head is also crusted over with a Gristle A cavity which if it be deep it is called in Greek a T 21. f 4. B. â–¡ Cotyle if shallow 't is called b T 21. f 4 F. â–¡ Glene It is somtimes encreased with a Gristlie brim lest the bones should too easily slip A Gristle aside and fal out of their places And in the Cavities themselves there is contained a clammy thick and Oyly A flegmatick Humor Pituitous Humor to procure a more easie and expeditious motion of the Bones so we grease the Axle-trees of Coaches and Carts that the wheels may turn more easily and quickly Through want of the foresaid Humor in such as have the consumption and are extreamly dried while they go and stir their Limbs one may hear as it were their bones knock one against another and rattle in their Skins As is proved by a memorable History recorded by Symphorianus Campegius in the Medicinal Histories of Galen and as I my self have often times seen Now that the bones might be so knit together as to make a Joynt there is need A Ligament of a Ligament or Band whose substance is broad and round its color white or bloody such as is the round Ligament which fastens