the East parts which set the world in a mighty difference laying two grounds to encourage his followers the first that whosocever dyed in War against the Christians or other Enemies to the Mahometan law did instantly passe to all pleasure and delight in Paradise The second that death was so necessarily ordained to men that no violence would end a man before his time nor wearines avoid it at the time Of this Mahomet the Saracens first and after them the Turks a mighty people borrowed their Religion Of him their Haman family learned to cover the fire of Ambition with the Ashes of Religion under pretence to propogate it to perswade their followers both to fight an d to dye resolutly C. I partly beleeve that the Pope and his Predecessors have hither to walked by the Mahometan rule you last discoursed of S. The Papacy in the generall have very much followed this course or Rule as you call it concealing all their privat revenges and ambitious desires under the pretence of the Catholick cause And that with that confident perswasion and credulity of their fellowes that many of the Papisticall Souldiers if he hath a crosse on his back and the Papisticall benediction over his head think that either they are not of danger in earth or if they dye they have a present passage to Heaven at least shall passe through Purgatory and so escape Hell In this point there is great difference betwixt the present and ancient Romans that the old Romans had a reverend opinion of the Religion of all Countries though different from them and would never suffer any despight or wrong to be shewed to the Coâ—quered under that name of Religion which is not in particular mens power to take or leave as they list The present Papists make their decrees the Rules of all truth in Religion and those that are different they curse and mischiefe by all means they can iâ—vent accounting them Atheists Miser eants and Hereticks c. which violent proceeding hath enforced the like vehemency in the opposites to iudge of him and his in like sort which hath been the sole cause of the great distraction in Christendome and laid it so open to the Mahometans There is no mischiefe that works so dangerously as that which is carried with a Colour of Religion Simulata sanctitas duplex iniquitas For that nothing can carry a multitude so forcibly as blind zeal and superstition in any cause undertaken In times past Sortorius a Roman razsed Portugall the better part of Spaine defeated the Roman Armies working credit with his followers by pretending conference with Diana by means of a white â—art Mahomet by his Dove and Bull of late times the Seriffo in Africa under a pretended Holinesse gate first his strength by which he turned the lawfull Prince out of the State and setled himselfe and his John of Leyden at one time and Muncerus at another time raised those great Tumults in Germany C. Sir in your description of Government I remember you told me that order was maintained or supported by those three things Religion Law and Mâ—gistrates you have given me ample satisfaction concerning Religion I desire you would now discover to me what Law is S. Lawes are certaine Rules written or customs continued by which the light of persons actions or things are determined Ius triplex est 1 Ius naturae Is the light of nature by which we know what is wrong being offered unto us and that the same â—s wrong being committed by our selves against others 2 Ius Gentium Tâ—e Law observed by all Nations how difference so ever and is the rule dâ—iding right betweene men of sundry Common-wealths and it specially concerns Leagues Contracts Captives c. 3 Ius Civile Is that by which the Citizens of every state are ruled and it is of two sorts 1 Ius Commune Or Ius Iusticiae the Common Law which is conteyned in the letter of the Law or in the Customes of the Country and this in particular cases may sometimes be the cause of wrong as is often spoken Summa Ius summa Injuria 2 Ius Equitatis The Law of Equity when a particular case by reason of some circumstance desireth help and ease against the rigor of the Law such was Ius Pretorium amongst the Romans and the Court of Chancery with us in England In the Case where the stranger saved the City by mounting on the Walls and encouraged the Citizens to keepe the Towne against the Enemy contrary to the Law Peregrinus in mures si ascenderit Capitale esto the action in it selfe most honourable it by the letter of the Law Capitall Besides all these there is Ius Prerogative which resteth wholly in them be they one or more in whom the Supreame power and Authority resteth Such have Princes in absolute Monarchies and such a Power had the people of Rome whâ—n the State was Popular to receive appeals from any of their Judges to call matters determined by Law to a new audience to suspend the execution of any sentence or to pardon the punishment Such also hath been the accustomed power of the Parliaments of England The Law is necessary for every State for that Leges fiunt propter homines homines non fiunt propter Leges Men are not made to satisfie the Law in its rigor but Lawes are made for the safety and preservation of men Salus Populi suprema Lex C. Doe all Nations agree in their Lawes S. Noe. C. How then are their Lawes to be discerned or known S. There are two Rules by which the Lawes and Customes of Countries are to be discerned 1. By the Law of Nature spoken of before by that light by which we know what is right or wrong either in doing or suffering Altrine facias quod tibi factum nolis in this all good estates agree in the substance framing their positive Lawes against Atheisme Murther Adultery Theft c. Things in the light of Nature Condemned Nations also differ in the punishment and means of restraining which is not in Nature defined If any Law in a State be made against this of Nature it must needs be inconvenient as implicating a contradiction in the Government to other Lawes For that the whole Law of nature is most agreeable and conformable in all the severall parts unto it selfe 2. The second Rule by which the Law of Nations are discerned is by the Supposition of the State that is by comparing the Law or Custom with the maine government in Practise for if a Law be made which holds not on scope with the present Government established it must needs breed variance and discord and in the end some occasion for one party to assaile the other As it must needs happen to a Monarchy if the people get any power to deale in the State but most commonly in a popular State if either they continue their great Offices for too long a time or yeild too great authority by Decree to any one
according to the letter of I S. No fo it is neither safe that Law alone should rule which can not distinguish of times occasions nor actions Neither is it safe that Magistrates should rule alone without Law for men are so subiect to hatred love feare passion reward c. It is best where both have their place for that Law directeth best actions but discretien and true iudgement best distinguisheth circumstances C. How shall a man discerne the strength of a State S. By observing these three things 1. Whether it be strong in the frame it selfe of present Government so if Monarchy is held more strong and in lesse hazard of distraction and division then a popular state 2. Whether it be strong by continuance of time having long holden on forme so New Principalities are weak as wanting time to confirme them Auncient Principalities are strong where the peopl have been inured to reverence and obedince Monarchy could not have been taken from the Assyrians if Sardanapalus had not been a beast nor from the blood of the Cesars if Nero had not been rather a Monster then a Man 3. Whether it be strong only by vertue Wisdome and Valourâ— of them which are in present Authority So only New Principalities have strength by them which raise them Such was the Gresian Monarchy which appeared in the world and vanished againe like lightning the strength whereof wholy consisted in Alexander and with his death perished C. What are the reall differences of Common-wealths and from whence have States their Denomination S. The reall difference of Common-wealths are taken from the different order in comâ—anding and obeying the Name of every State is given according to the Supreame and highest Authority C. Wherein is the Supreame Authority manifested S. In these foure things 1. Potestas belli et pacis 2. Potestas vitae Necis 3. Pâ— faciendar legum 4. Po. Creandor magistrat By these foure powers States are determined in themselves and distinguished one from another In whom those four powers or most of them do rest whetherin onâ— â—ome few or in many in them is the supreame Authority and they give the Name to the State If they be absolute in any the state of them is called an absolute Monarchy or Aristocraty c. If they be partly in some and partly in others then the State is said to be a mixt Common-wealth According as these powers are diveâ—sly setled so States are râ—ally distinguished If those powers be in one person well used to the good of the people under him the State is called A Monarchy If in the person of one abused to the profit only of that one and of his who hath the Authority in his hands it s called A Tyranny If in some few well used to the common safety it is called An Aristocraty If in some few abused to the profit and pleasure of some few An Oligarchy If the fore said powers be in the multitude well used to the safety of all Law having power above the people iâ—s then called A good Democraty If in the multitude abused to faction and the setting up the basest of the people the multitude over-ruling Law A bad Democraty C. Which of these Governments do you esteem the best S. Heretofore most Histâ—rians were of the iudgement that regulated Monarchy was the best but the State of England as now it stands admits not such weak iudgements as mine to distinguish C. SIR I see you are silent in your thoughts I pray tell me what you account the worst S. The worst State is a Tyranny as being opposite to the best Bonum malum in suo gâ—nâ—re maxime distant C. I have heard of an Anarchy I pray what government is that S. Anarchy is no State but a confusion of all order much woâ—se then the worst Tyranny which well appeared at Rome after the death of Nero when all men did what they list which caused an honourable Senatoâ— to say that if that misorder should continue they should have occasion to wish for Nero againe It is better living where nothing then where all things are lawfull C. I remember you told me thâ—t if the forementioned powers were in one person it was an absolute Monarchy by which I conceive there are sevâ—rall kinds of Monarchiâ—s S. A Monarchy is the government of one to the preservation of all But Monarchies are of two sorts 1. Absolute where the chiâ—f doth rulâ— all causes by his absolute Authority not any way dâ—tâ—rminâ—d by Law and theâ—e are good so saâ—re as the Authority is well used and the cheif doth hold it Salus populi suprema Lâ—x For government was before positive Lawes and in Nature there is absolute priority and power of the Father over his Children 2. Limited and that three manner of wayes 1. By Lawes a lore where the Subject may have lawfull audience and heâ—p in Law for holding or recovering his right against the Prince 2. By Oveâ—seers alone where there be Officâ—rs of State which may demand â—eâ—son whâ—n the cheif stretcheth his power to the the dâ—trimeâ—t of the Subject such have been the Electors in Germany 3. By Lawes and Overseers as in times past in France when the twelve peâ—res held their places and their Parliaments had their full power for the processe of Lawes Just Prinâ—ipalities are generally maiâ—tained by houldâ—ng the favour and love â—f the Subject Imperium est in voluntate obsequentium C. What meanes is a Governour to use to gaine the love and affection of his people and being gained how isit to be kept and preserved S. The peoples love is houlden by these meanes 1. By being Religious to wards God for that men will never seek nor desire the overthrow of them whom they are perswaded to be gâ—â—â—ded with divice proâ—ection 2. By shewing â—aâ—e of the puliâ—â— safety not of privat gaine meâ— doe most willingly contribute when they are perswaded that money is either imployed or reseâ—ved for publick benefit 3. By bâ—ilding publick works and râ—leiving publick misfortunes 4. By bestowing honours and rewards upon men of great worth by desertâ— 5. By referring all matters of Justice and punishment to their offences never shewing contentment in the shame or misery of any 6. Generally by bounty magnanimity and all hoâ—ourable and vertuous actions C. Tyranny you say is the worst of governments I shall earnestly desire you would branch it forth into its severall parts by which I may perceive the iniquity of it S. Tyranny is the government of one man according to his own will and respecting only his owne profit Tyrants have used two wayes to support and uphold their Tyranny 1. By taking away all desire and knowledge of altering their government which is thus done First by working pusillanimity Ignorance and distrust in the people which is acted five manner of wayes 1. By taking away all Schooles and discipline by which men might understand what is right or wrong A thing practised by the Turks
are five Maxims or secrets as you call them peculiar to the supream power or chiefe Magistrate in regulating A State or weale publick I pray discover the particulars thereof and how they become so necessary S. Those five Conciones Magistratus Juditia Arma Exercitia Require a more abler Statist then my selfe to discover their power or use and will take up longer time then now can be spared or our patience quietly attend In regard of the prolixity I will only give you the branches thereof but leave the demoâ—stration of each particular untill another opportunity shall present it selfe CONCIONES Assemblies or Counsells 1 Generall As that Des estats geneâ—aux in France and the Parliaments in England 1 of what Persons these states Generall consist 2 In what matters they may deale 3 VVhat Power they have limited by Law or above Law 4 VVhat Order they use in proceeding 5 VVhat Authority in concluding 6 By what meanes 1 Their power is drawne to Act in performing anâ— thing 2 Their power is restrained from doing any thing 2 Their Ordinary Counsells for ordinary Occurrences VVhere in we are to consider 1 Their Authority 2 Their Inclinâ—tions to peace in VVarre 3 Their desires of honor or wealth 4 The power of every particular 1 In respect of the sufficiency and eminency of his parts 2 In respect of his speciall favour and grace in the state I told you before that Oligarchyes constrained the rich men to be present at their great Assemblyes on paine of penalties Democratyes sometimes by rewards invited the meaner sort at their generall Assemblies to make their presence the greater and that they should not altogether loose their private profit â— which is most regarded by the multitude by omitting their private affaires and following of publique EXERCITIA of body VVhether for health only VVhether for strength only VVhether for pleasure only VVhether and how farre they all be mixt Vse and custome breeds delight in any exercise The Romans so practised themselves with Armes that they carried them with as much ease as their parts hence came that saying Arma militis membra sunt 2 Exercise of mind VVhether te contemplation especially as the Indian Gymnosophists and the Athenians which were great discoursers whether to action especially which is of most use in acivill life which is active not contemplative As the Lacedemonians who taught their Children plurimum facere minimum loqui 3 VVhat kind of Exercises Are commanded by Law Are permitted only Are directly forbidden As concerning Armes I have already given you my thoughts of the same But you may observe 1 That Monarchicall states have used to traine and discipline all in the exercise of Armes As in England all by an Edict to bear Armes that are up wards of seaventeen yeares of Age and under threescore except Schollers 2 Aristocraticall States enforced only their Nobles to bring up their Children in feates of Armes military discipline 3. Oligarchicall States keep their Armes and the use and practise of them only amongst their greatest men and their followers so doth the Muscovite Turk at this day 4 Democraticall or popular States have accustomed to bring up all sorts of their people to Martiall feats and not only permitting but enjoyning all at a certaine age to learne and practise themselves to warlicke exercises As the antient Romans at seaventeene yeares of Age the Suiffers at this day sooner An Act declaring and Constituting the People of England to be a Common-wealth and Free-State Be it Declared and Enacted by this present PARLIAMENT and by the authority of the same That the People of ENGLAND and of all the Dominions and Territories thereunto belonging are and shall be and are hereby Constituted Made Established and Confirmed to be a Common-wealth and Free-State And shall from henceforth be Governed as a Common-wealth and Free-State by the supreme Authority of this Nation The Representatives of the People in Parliament and by such as they shall appoint and constitute as Officers and Ministers under them for the good of the People and that without any King or House of Lords Die Sabbathi 19. Maii 1649. ORdered by the Commons assembled in Parliament that this Act be forthwith Printed and Published Hen Scobell Cleric Parliamenti POSTSCRIPT Gentle READER HAving now given you a briefe and cleane discovery of the Government of severall Nations Kingdomes and Common-wealths in the World which I have taken paines to Collect from Choice Authors of divers Languages that thou maiest the better Iudge of the Nature of our present New Established Common-wealth as touching the Exelency thereof and Encouragement to a willing Subjection thereunto Take Mr. LILLIES expressions in his conclusion of the Epistle to his Predictions for 1650. in these words to every true English man I hartily implore them as one man to unite their hearts their Prayers their Forces and Purses unanimonsly for defence of this Common-wealth now established For without it as at present our Condition stands our lives and fortunes will be subject to all the inconveniences a wofull Nation can expect from devouring Enemies Conforming unto and assisting this Authority We shall have the better of all Nations wee shall by degrees arise to the most accomplished Government that ever was visible since the Creation and when the Commonalty of ENGLAND viz. the Yeomanry after some yeares are fitted for the work intended it shall not displease them that they have with patience acted so long a time without any visible Frutes of their Labours Sith then the Sole Dominion and power shall rest in themselves after which universall peace and never more any Warres shall follow in ENGLAND untill the day of the dissolution of this earthly Fabrick In the next place I shall only put you in mind of the New Engagement to be taken generally throughout the Nation in regard it is of speciall concernment to all The expresse words of it are these as it is Ordered by the Parliament viz. I DO DECLARE AND PROMISE THAT I WILL BE TRVE AND FAITHFVLL TO THE COMMON-WEALTH OF ENGLAND AS THE SAME NOW IS ESTABLISHED WITHOVT A KING OR HOVSE OF LORDS For such as make any doubt or scruple of taking this Engagement I referre them to Mr. IOHN DVRYES Book lately published called Considerations concerning the present Engagement whether it may lawfully be entred into yea or no they are sould at the Star under St. PETERS Church in Corn-hill or in Popes-head Ally Licensed by Master IOSEPH CARYLL In my apprehension he removeth all the stumbling blocks and answereth all the Obejctions that can be made against the taking of it which may satisfie all such as shut not their Eyes against the light The three Chiefe Objections are these viz. 1. OB. That the Oath of Allegiance and the Nationall Covenant are still binding and Contradictory to this present Engagement 2. OB. That the present power by which the Engagement is tendered is very doubtfull as a power unlawfully usurped to which usurpation you think you will be accessary if you take the engagement 3. OB. That the Consequence of the Engagement seems to tend to an opposition against the Lawfull Hâ—ir of the Crowne and the right constitution of the Parliaments whereunto you are preingaged and from which you cannot recede All which Objections are learnedly and fully answered by Mr. DVRY which hath saved me that Labour and expence of time VALE
man Syâ—â—a first and afterwards Caesar gate the whole state into their hands by the name of perpetuall Dictators Augustus by a more populer name Tribune of the people C. By this I understand that its a dangerous thing suddenly to alter a standing Law or custome of a Nation or State for you say that divers distractions and broyles do ensue thereupon S. Auntient Lawes and customes are not to be suddenly changed though they be but of small importance Plato thinks that the change of Musick ought not to be suffered least that should also change mens conditions Amongst the Thurans whosoever attempted a new Law must perswade it with a Halter about his neck with which he was to be hanged if he failed in shewing the necessity of it New Lawes are seldome received with intire consent and hardly observed at the first if there be not great necessity which necessity seldom appeareth but with hazard which may breed much danger before the Law be established Few Lawes make shew of much vertue and obedience yet it is more security when all Lawes necessary have been together framed and by continuance gotten strength It is better to prevent a mischiefe then to seek for a remedy after it is happened for though it be true that in corruptissima Rep. plures sunt leges yet it s true ratione signi not ratione Causae for that Lawes do not make any corruption but shew it which would be greater if it were not hindred by Law and men must be supposed as they are not as they should be that as occasions of all natures do arise so in time vices of all sâ—â—ts will sooner shew themselves then vertues C. What you have allready spoken concerning Law sufficeth I shall now intreat you for my more cleare and distinct apprehension to resolve Magistraty into the severall heads and branches thereof S. Magistracy is a power in men which boldeth all in obedience to Religion and Law C. You are againe harping on your old string the power of Magistrates in matters of Religion but I beleeve you will not now resolve me in regard you â—ave denyed me formerly S. I told you before and I tell you againe I cannot now resolve you because it is a matter of great consequence and the greatest Schollers are if I may so say to their Ne plus ultra concerning this thing but I shall â—re long take some opportunity to give you my thoughts herein I will let it passe now and proceed to the matter in hand relating to Magistrates Magistrates are of two sorts 1. Supreame who have the first place in Honour and the cheifest in power to inforce obedience that Religion and Lawes may be observed 2. Subordinate be all Magistrates that have delâ—gate power from the Supreame authority to hold men in obedience in their severall places In the supreame Magistrate is especially considered capacity of the State which is two wayes 1. By his owne understanding and experience knowing and intending what to advise in all occurrences which is almost impossible in the variety of accidents which befall in State businesse yet such we read Augustus to have beene who kept written with his own hand large remembrances of all his Legions Officers Rents Customes Allyes Leagues c. 2. By Election of advice propounded by others which appeareth in the choyce of the best Councellors and in the choice of best Councell in hard matters neither blind by weaknesse of judgement nor inclined by partiall affection for the Princes choice is the life of any advice be it never so wise If we looke into any of their falls they must have fallen not for want of fit Counsell propounded but for want of Judgement or partiall affection in the choice of that Counsell which they followed Quinec sibi potest recte consulares nec aliis bene consulentibus auscultare velit extremi est ingenij C. What are the generall Suppositions holden by the wisest Magistrates S. 1. To prevent all inconveniences in the beginning and not to think those things which severally to the vulger sort seeme little to be little being joyned together Insensible vapors do breed horrible Tempests and small grains great heaps 2. In avoiding inconveniences to have speciall regard to the manner of avoyding them In making their people obedient and quiet not to suffer them so to forget Armes that they may be a prey to their forraigne Enemies in making themselves strong against the Enemies carefully to provide against disobedience and mutining which often happeneth amongst Military people 3. Not to suffer any one part how good so ever in shew to attaine an overswaying power or dependance which cannot be brought and holden in order and obedience if opposition should happen occasio facit ambitiosis And mens powers are more certainly ruled then their wills 4. To distinguish warily offences and good deserts rewards and punishments that neither great deserts may breed Insolency or hope of impunity for future offences nor offences take away all hope of reward for future vertues 5. Especially to have men from their beginnings to be brought up to the Common-wealth in which they live Legum optimarum nulla est utilitas nisi sint qui ad Rempub. informentur 6. It is imposible in civill cases subject to such variety of times and other circumstances alwayes to finde out optimam ex bonis It is often times enough to take that which is mimimum ex malis c. In those passages there is not respect alwayes to be had to the greater part nor yet to the better part but to the whole State intirely considered Pars quicquid est totius est C. I conceive those six foregoing suppositions or Rules are peculiarly incident to the supreame Magistrate but how ought a subordinate Magistrate to be qualified S. Three things are to be considered chiefly in a subordinate Magistrate 1. That they do affectionatly love the State established 2. That they have sufficient power to execute that which is required by their Office 3. That their parts be answerable to that charge which they undertake in the Common-wealth Viz. Valour and Bounty fit for a Souldier Wisdome and Justice for a Judge Frugality and honesty for an Officer of account C. What are the accidentall differences of States S. They are two 1. Good Bad. 2. Weâ—k Strong C. How or in what respectâ— are Common-wealths said to be Good or bad S. Three wayes 1. In respect of their good or bad Lawes so the Lacedemonian Respublick was thought wanting which by Lawes permitted Theft and Adultery 2. In respect of Good or Bad Magistrates so the Lacedemonian Respublike was holden the best in that the Magistrates most strictly observed the Lawes and Customes of their Câ—untrey and the supposition of their State which was Aristocraticall and Military 3. In respect of both as all good Common-wealths whose Lawes agree with the Law of Nature and the Magistrates acting according to the Lawes C. Is the Law alwayes to be executed
c. 2. By taking away all societies and fraternities by which they might be acquainted one with another 3. By placing Guards in the strongest places by which they might suppresse any sudden attempt 4. By placeing privy spies to entrap such as talk of State matters and so make all jealous of one another 5. By often making shew of forraigne forces which may be feard to be ready if any need require 2. By taking a way all power from the people which is thus wrought 1. By banishing or putting to death or shutting up in Prison the men of account and their ofspring that no male contents may know where to finde a leader that the people would follow the house of Bela took this course in the Moscovite State It was Perianders Counsell to Thrasibulus the house of Ottiman is so jealous that the Grandsenior never thinks his Estate sure before he hath cut of his Brethren 2. By utterly impoverishing their Subjects by exactions Dionysius in 5 years gaâ—t all the treasury of Sicily into his hands 3. By maintaining disscention between the great men and the Commons or of the greater men between themselves taking part with neither that they may know and use the griefes and wants of all 4. By not suffering the great men to live at home but attend there where the higher power do obscure them or if they be imployed to keep their Children as Hostages so useth the Magnus Mogor in Asia 5. To commit no trust to the Natives or men of great blood or kindred but to Eunaches or strangers such as can not be popular nor hold place but by their Tyranny such are the Turkish Bassaes 6. To suffer no man to beare Armes but their sworn Souldiers to give Lands only to such the inheritance depending still at their proper disposition the Moscoveticall and Turkish practise the one to his Gentlemen the other to his Timariots All other are slaves to them as they are to their cheif Lord. C. By what properties shall I know â— King from a Tyrant S. These four differenses will distinguish them 1. Kings were first chosen out of the best and by the best to guard them and to rule the rash multitude Tyrants had their beginning ex Demagogis such as flattered the people and stirred them up against the worthyest persons and so under shew of protecting of them made away all such as might with stand them Pisistratus at Athens Dionysius at Syracuse 2. The second scope of a King is vertue and honour The scope of a Tyrant profit and pleasure 3. A King is the protector of all Rich and poore that on neither doth nor suffereth wrong of the other A Tyrant only regardeth the profit and security of him self and his leaving others open to al wrongs 4. The trust of a King is in his Subjects and of them he maketh his Guard The trust of a Tyrant is only in strangers and to them he commits his safety C. How are Principalities overthrown S. Two wayes 1. By forraign power when one state assayleth and overthroweth another the conquered receiveth such government as the Conqueror thinketh meet so the Romans ovâ—rthrew many Kingdoms and turned them into principalities to be governed by their Lifâ—tennants 2. By Domesticâ—ll seditions which are commonly raised by these occasions in number Six 1. By the Iustice of the Rulers 1. In Injuries towards thâ—ir persons which is acted two manner of wayes 1. In murthering and ravishing their Kinsfolks As the Tarquines at Rome 2 In beating like slaves men of account 2 In oppressing with exactions so far that by â—xtream poverty subjects grow desperat having nothing to lose but their â—fe whereof want hath made them weary 2 By contempt of them 1 For their folly and incapacity of state 2 For effeminate manners as Sardâ—â—â—palus 3 For Drunkennâ—sse as Câ—mbises and Dionisius Junior 3 By feare of death or disgrace in the subject 1 Either through knowledge or suspicion of anger conceived in the Cheif himself 2 Or feare of slander from them which are about him in Authority 4 By hope of profit and wealth which moveth specially base Rebells which pretend a community of all 5 By Ambition or desire of Honour the most dangerous motive for that it possesseth only great spirits which are of resolution to their utmost power As Sâ—avâ—la which attempted upon King Po sâ—nna and the Confederats that slew Caesar in the Senat. 6 By desire of change in Religion which hath only moved men in these latter times being never made a pretence or motiv for either forraign Conquests or Domesticall seditions before Mahâ—met Patet supra C. You formerly told me that Aristocraty was the power of Ruling in some few well used to the Common sefety I pray acquaint me of what sort of the people they are or ought to be S. Aristocraty is a gouâ—rnment of the best for the safety of all but there are three kinds 1 The first where respect is had to both wealth and vertue in the cheif of all Officers 2 The second where respect is only had of wealth this inclyneth to an Oligarchy 3 The third where respect is only had of virtue leaving it free to all to make way to the cheif places this inclineth to a Democraty C. What means have been used to maintain and uphold States Aristocraticâ—â— S. These Nine Maximes have beene hâ—ld â—nd practise'd 1 Compâ—lling the Nobility to bring up their Children in feats of Armes and politick Discipline suffering the râ—st to do as they list So the Lacedemonians brought up all their Children in publick places together where they learned exercise of Armes and knowldege of government 2 Constraining the Nobility upon great peâ—alâ—y to be present at their publick Assemblies suffering the rest to attend their profit and busiâ—esse 3 Receiving the Citizens into their spâ—ciall patroâ—ages that in Populâ—â— quarrells every man severally might pacifie his Clyents or followers this was often practised by the Senators of Rome to uphold their State 4 Suffering none to continue in the greatest Offices for long time that he might procure too many dependents or wâ—akâ—n his opposites 5 Giving noe man that honour whch others might not hope to obtain 6 Imploying them which were too great in forraign businesse that absencâ— might make them forgotten 7 Keeping Offices of Honour wholly amongst the Noâ—ility leaving them of petty matters and gain to the people 8 Suppressing the first occasions of quarrells amongst the greatest men To that end to hold friendly meetings in places indifferent where pacifications may be made 9. Holding the people in fehre of publick dangerâ— to make an enemy if there were none by that means to draw from home such as were mutinous A thing much practised by the Roman Senate while their power held C. You have declared nine Maxims or Sophims that are the props of an Aristocraticall State but by what means is that government overthrown and changed S. Three things alter and change an Aâ—istocraty 1.