as_o bracton_n before_o cite_v consensâ—_n communi_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la 3._o those_o aide_n be_v give_v tam_fw-la de_fw-la tenentibus_fw-la aliorum_fw-la quam_fw-la de_fw-la tenentibus_fw-la de_fw-fr domino_fw-la rege_fw-la in_o capite_fw-la levanda_fw-la quo_fw-la praetexta_fw-la dictus_fw-la compotus_fw-la de_fw-la auxiliis_fw-la praedictis_fw-la be_v as_o well_o for_o the_o fee_n of_o the_o tenant_n of_o the_o then_o prior_n as_o for_o the_o fee_n of_o the_o prior_n himself_o which_o the_o prior_n say_v will_v clear_o appear_v to_o the_o court_n by_o the_o certificate_n of_o the_o prior_n his_o prodecâ—ssor_n in_o the_o time_n of_o h._n 3._o make_v to_o the_o baron_n of_o the_o exchequer_n so_o that_o the_o tenant_n of_o the_o prior_n do_v grant_v a_o aid_n as_o well_o as_o the_o prior_n himself_o and_o that_o in_o parliament_n for_o as_o i_o have_v observe_v before_o rot._n claus._n 32_o h._n 3._o m._n 13._o dorâ—o_o there_o be_v a_o parliament_n then_o hold_v 4._o that_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o h._n 3._o and_o precede_a time_n when_o the_o knight_n and_o freeholder_n who_o hold_v not_o of_o the_o king_n but_o other_o lord_n do_v in_o the_o commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la or_o parliament_n graâ—â—_n 〈◊〉_d auâ—â—lium_n or_o aid_n to_o the_o crown_n the_o great_a lord_n or_o baron_n of_o the_o fee_n of_o who_o 〈…〉_z the_o freeholder_n hold_v be_v 〈◊〉_d in_o the_o exchequer_n to_o answer_v for_o 〈…〉_z thereof_o under_o the_o title_n of_o his_o 〈◊〉_d as_o the_o bishop_n of_o every_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d till_o queen_n elizabeth_n time_n be_v by_o law_n chargeable_a for_o the_o coll_n 〈…〉_z of_o 〈◊〉_d grant_v by_o the_o clergy_n within_o his_o diocese_n yet_o certain_o as_o the_o bishop_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d any_o power_n to_o give_v for_o or_o tax_v his_o 〈◊〉_d no_o more_o can_v or_o do_v any_o great_a lord_n of_o the_o fâ—â—â—ither_o jure_v t_o 〈…〉_z or_o 〈◊〉_d tâ—tionis_fw-la charge_n or_o give_v away_o the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o his_o free_a t_o 〈…〉_z who_o be_v independent_a in_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d solummodo_fw-la 〈◊〉_d this_o p_o 〈…〉_z not_o well_o observe_v and_o understand_v 〈◊〉_d late_a author_n have_v cause_v the_o 〈◊〉_d about_o the_o t_o 〈…〉_z 〈◊〉_d represent_v the_o 〈◊〉_d in_o parliament_n 5._o 〈…〉_z hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la yet_o very_o considerable_a in_o number_n and_o all_o the_o citizen_n and_o burgess_n shall_v till_o 49_o h._n 3._o either_o be_v total_o exclude_v from_o be_v any_o part_n of_o the_o generale_fw-mi concilium_fw-la regni_fw-la or_o parliament_n or_o else_o by_o a_o law_n of_o which_o there_o be_v not_o the_o least_o footstep_n in_o history_n or_o law_n be_v for_o so_o many_o age_n to_o be_v represent_v by_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o in_o parliament_n the_o transcendent_a power_n of_o which_o council_n in_o conjunction_n with_o the_o king_n as_o head_n thereof_o sir_n thomas_n smith_n that_o great_a and_o learned_a man_n who_o be_v secretary_n and_o privy-councillor_n to_o our_o famous_a queen_n a_o old_a parliament-man_n when_o he_o come_v to_o write_v of_o the_o parliament_n and_o its_o largeness_n of_o power_n say_v thus_o in_o comitiis_fw-la parliamentariis_fw-la posita_fw-la est_fw-la 51._o omnis_fw-la augustae_fw-la absolutae_fw-la que_fw-la potestatis_fw-la vis_fw-la quip_n quemadmodum_fw-la robur_n &_o virtus_fw-la angliae_fw-la dieuntur_fw-la in_o acie_n residere_fw-la parliamentaria_fw-la comitia_fw-la veteres_fw-la leges_fw-la jubent_fw-la esse_fw-la irritas_fw-la novas_fw-la indueunt_fw-la praesentibus_fw-la juxta_fw-la ac_fw-la futuris_fw-la modum_fw-la constituunt_fw-la jura_fw-la &_o posseâ—siones_fw-la hominum_fw-la privatorum_fw-la commutant_fw-la spurios_fw-la natalibus_n restituunt_fw-la cultum_fw-la divinum_fw-la sanctioribus_fw-la corroborant_fw-la pondera_fw-la &_o mensuras_fw-la variant_n incerti_fw-la juris_fw-la contreverâ—â—as_fw-la dirimunt_fw-la ubi_fw-la nihil_fw-la lege_fw-la cautum_fw-la fuit_fw-la censum_fw-la agunt_fw-la capitationes_fw-la &_o vectigalia_fw-la indicunt_fw-la delictorum_fw-la gratiam_fw-la faciunt_fw-la afflictas_fw-la &_o majorum_fw-la sceleribus_fw-la perditas_fw-la familias_fw-la erigunt_fw-la aquavitae_fw-la nâ—â—isque_fw-la potestatem_fw-la in_o choose_fw-la obtinent_fw-la quos_fw-la ad_fw-la hujusmodi_fw-la disquisitiones_fw-la princeps_fw-la advocaverat_fw-la atque_fw-la ut_fw-la concludam_fw-la breviter_fw-la quiâ—quid_fw-la in_o centuriatis_fw-la comitiis_fw-la aut_fw-la in_o tribunitiis_fw-la populus_fw-la romanus_n efficere_fw-la potuisset_fw-la 〈◊〉_d omne_fw-la in_o comitiis_fw-la anglicanis_fw-la tanquam_fw-la in_o coetu_fw-la principem_fw-la populumque_fw-la represent_v ante_fw-la commode_v transigitur_fw-la interest_n enim_fw-la in_o illo_fw-la conventu_fw-la omnes_fw-la intelligimur_fw-la â—ujuâ—cunque_fw-la amplitudinis_fw-la status_fw-la aut_fw-la dignitatis_fw-la princepsve_fw-la aut_fw-la plebs_fw-la fuerit_fw-la sive_fw-la per_fw-la se_fw-la ipsum_fw-la hoc_fw-la fiat_fw-la five_o per_fw-la procuratorem_fw-la nam_fw-la omnibus_fw-la peraeque_fw-la gratum_fw-la esse_fw-la oportet_fw-la quâ—â—quid_fw-la ex_fw-la senatusconsulto_fw-la parliamentario_n profectum_fw-la est_fw-la 6._o it_o be_v observable_a that_o the_o prescription_n of_o progenitores_fw-la regis_fw-la in_o the_o record_n of_o the_o prior_n of_o coventry_n tempore_fw-la e._n 3._o do_v express_o extend_v to_o the_o reign_n of_o h._n 3._o his_o great_a grandfather_n 〈…〉_z and_o high_a too_o so_o that_o i_o have_v good_a authority_n and_o warrant_n to_o say_v before_o that_o when_o the_o burgess_n of_o st._n alban_n in_o the_o parliament_n 8_o e._n 2._o affirm_v that_o they_o and_o their_o predecessor_n sicuâ—_n caeteri_fw-la burgenses_n de_fw-la regno_fw-la as_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o burgess_n of_o the_o kingdom_n have_v totis_fw-la retroactis_fw-la temporibus_fw-la in_o all_o time_n past_a in_o the_o time_n of_o f._n 1._o &_o pregenitorum_fw-la suorum_fw-la and_o of_o his_o progenitor_n send_v two_o burgess_n to_o every_o parliament_n they_o have_v as_o well_o as_o other_o borough_n of_o england_n send_v burgess_n to_o the_o generale_fw-mi corailium_fw-la or_o parliament_n before_o mention_v in_o the_o 17_o year_n of_o king_n john_n grandfather_n to_o e._n 1._o at_o least_o and_o so_o by_o clear_a evidence_n before_o 49_o h._n 3._o from_o the_o aforesaid_a authority_n and_o reason_n we_o may_v with_o good_a consequence_n conclude_v 1._o that_o the_o people_n or_o commons_o of_o england_n from_o the_o time_n of_o the_o norman_a conquest_n till_o 49_o h._n 3._o be_v not_o represent_v in_o the_o commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la regni_fw-la or_o parliament_n by_o such_o only_a as_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capâ—â—e_n 2._o and_o that_o the_o commons_o or_o people_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d â—â—â—in_o to_o be_v represent_v by_o knight_n citizens_z burgess_n and_o baron_n of_o the_o cinque_fw-fr port_n in_o the_o say_v 40_o h._n 3._o and_o now_o i_o shall_v subjoin_v some_o material_a record_n relate_v to_o my_o former_a discourse_n inter_fw-la communia_fw-la de_fw-la term._n 〈◊〉_d trin._n anno_fw-la 7_o e._n 2._o adhuc_fw-la recorda_fw-la pjn_n nomine_fw-la poliarcâ—t_fw-la jesus_n christi_fw-la salvatoâ—is_fw-la mundi_fw-la totiusque_fw-la t._n creature_n creatoris_fw-la cujus_fw-la divino_fw-la dominatui_fw-la quique_fw-la donatores_fw-la debito_fw-la servitio_fw-la subnixe_v deserviunt_fw-la cujus_fw-la etiam_fw-la omnipotentatui_fw-la universi_fw-la potentatus_fw-la obsecundari_fw-la examussim_fw-la preproperant_fw-la quia_fw-la bonitas_fw-la ejus_fw-la bon_fw-fr 〈…〉_z atis_fw-gr est_fw-la incomprehensibilis_fw-la &_o miseratio_fw-la inter_fw-la minabilis_fw-la dapsilitas_fw-la bomtatis_fw-la ineffabilis_fw-la longanimitas_fw-la quoque_fw-la super_fw-la pravorum_fw-la nequitias_fw-la quantitatis_fw-la prosixitate_fw-la cujusâ—ibet_fw-la longior_fw-la qui_fw-la coâ—idiaâ—â—s_fw-la admonitionibus_fw-la religiosam_fw-la conversationem_fw-la duccntes_fw-la monet_fw-la ut_fw-la pie_n seâ—tando_fw-la justitiae_fw-la culturam_fw-la non_fw-la eam_fw-la deseren_n dolinquant_a quin_fw-la potius_fw-la perseverabilt_n instantia_fw-la in_o ejus_fw-la cultura_fw-la ut_fw-la permaneant_fw-la patâ—rno_fw-la affectu_fw-la hortatux_fw-la qui_fw-la nihilomâ—nus_fw-la eadem_fw-la affectione_n mandat_fw-la peccatoâ—ibus_fw-la ut_fw-la resipiscant_fw-la a_o suis_fw-la iniquitatibus_fw-la convertentes_fw-la quia_fw-la eorum_fw-la execratut_o mortem_fw-la ejus_fw-la amoris_fw-la stimulo_fw-la &_o fide_fw-la suffultus_fw-la cujus_fw-la largifâ—ua_fw-la miseratione_n ego_fw-la cnut_n rex_fw-la totius_fw-la albionis_fw-la insule_n aliarum_fw-la nationum_fw-la plurimarum_fw-la in_o cathedra_fw-la regali_fw-la promotus_fw-la cum_fw-la consilio_fw-la &_o decreto_fw-la archiepiscoporum_fw-la episcoporum_fw-la 223._o abbatum_fw-la comitum_fw-la aliorumque_fw-la omnium_fw-la fidelium_fw-la eligi_fw-la sanciend_n atque_fw-la perpeti_fw-la stabilimento_fw-la ab_fw-la omnibus_fw-la confirmandum_fw-la ut_fw-la monasterium_fw-la quod_fw-la biadricesworth_n nuncupatur_fw-la sit_fw-la per_fw-la omne_fw-la evum_fw-la monachorum_fw-la gregibus_fw-la deputatum_fw-la ad_fw-la inhabitandum_fw-la &_o ab_fw-la omni_fw-la dominatione_fw-la omnium_fw-la episcoporum_fw-la comitatus_fw-la illius_fw-la funditus_fw-la liberum_fw-la ut_fw-la in_o eo_fw-la domino_fw-la servientes_fw-la monachi_fw-la sine_fw-la ulla_fw-la inquietudine_fw-la pro_fw-la statu_fw-la regni_fw-la domini_fw-la prevaleant_fw-la precari_fw-la placuit_fw-la etiam_fw-la mihi_fw-la hanc_fw-la optionis_fw-la electionem_fw-la roborare_fw-la privilegio_fw-la isto_fw-la in_o quo_fw-la indere_fw-la prccepi_fw-la libertatis_fw-la donum_fw-la quod_fw-la jam_fw-la olim_fw-la edmundus_n rex_fw-la occidentalium_fw-la saxonn_n largitus_fw-la est_fw-la svo_fw-la equivoco_fw-la pro_fw-la nanciscenda_fw-la ejus_fw-la gratia_fw-la &_o mercede_fw-la aeterna_fw-la scilicet_fw-la edmundo_n regi_fw-la &_o martiri_fw-la quod_fw-la bene_fw-la
the_o ancient_a right_n of_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n asserted_n or_o a_o discourse_n prove_v by_o record_n and_o the_o best_a historian_n that_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n be_v ever_o a_o essential_a part_n of_o parliament_n by_o william_n petyt_n of_o the_o inner-temple_n esq_n non_fw-la nulli_fw-la taedio_fw-la investigandae_fw-la veritatis_fw-la cullibet_fw-la opiniâ—â—_n potius_fw-la ignaâ—i_fw-la succambunt_fw-la quam_fw-la explorandâ_fw-la veritati_fw-la pertinaci_fw-la diligentiâ_fw-la perseverare_fw-la volunt_fw-la min._n foelix_fw-la inter_fw-la â—ericula_fw-la veritatis_fw-la &_o libertatis_fw-la 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d london_n print_v for_o f._n smith_n t._n bassett_n j._n wright_n r._n chiswell_n and_o s._n heyrick_n 1680._o to_o the_o right_n honourable_a arthur_n earl_n of_o essex_n viscount_n maldon_n baron_n capell_n of_o hadham_n lord_n lieutenant_n of_o the_o county_n of_o hertford_n one_o of_o his_o majesty_n most_o honourable_a privy-council_n and_o first_o lord_n commissioner_n of_o his_o majesty_n treasury_n my_o lord_n there_o have_v be_v author_n of_o modern_a time_n who_o have_v in_o their_o write_n concern_v the_o government_n of_o this_o kingdom_n publish_v to_o the_o world_n that_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n as_o now_o phrased_a be_v no_o part_n of_o the_o ancient_a commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la or_o parliament_n of_o this_o nation_n before_o the_o forty_o nine_o year_n of_o h._n 3._o and_o then_o introduce_v by_o rebellion_n a_o position_n when_o serious_o weigh_v equal_o wound_v the_o peerage_n of_o england_n since_o the_o same_o author_n say_v that_o there_o be_v no_o formal_a summons_n of_o the_o lord_n to_o parliament_n find_v upon_o record_n before_o that_o time_n after_o i_o have_v often_o consider_v so_o great_a a_o point_n and_o have_v often_o read_v of_o the_o freedom_n of_o this_o nation_n that_o no_o englishman_n can_v lose_v his_o right_n or_o property_n but_o by_o law_n the_o life_n and_o soul_n of_o this_o so_o famous_a and_o so_o excellent_o constitute_v government_n the_o best_a polity_n upon_o earth_n which_o when_o unite_v in_o all_o its_o part_n by_o prudent_a council_n make_v always_o the_o people_n happy_a at_o home_n in_o peace_n and_o the_o crown_n ever_o victorious_a abroad_o in_o war_n i_o do_v resolve_v to_o take_v pain_n to_o search_v if_o matter_n thus_o represent_v to_o the_o high_a disadvantage_n and_o prejudice_n of_o the_o people_n of_o england_n be_v true_a or_o false_a which_o i_o have_v industrious_o and_o impartial_o endeavour_v and_o hope_v with_o that_o clearness_n that_o will_v evidence_n to_o all_o unbiased_a judgement_n the_o unsoundness_n of_o those_o opinion_n when_o i_o have_v so_o do_v be_v unwilling_a my_o labour_n shall_v be_v to_o myself_o alone_o and_o not_o to_o those_o who_o search_v after_o knowledge_n in_o these_o matter_n to_o disabuse_v and_o prevent_v other_o from_o build_n upon_o such_o mistake_v and_o dangerous_a foundation_n i_o think_v it_o not_o unseasonable_a to_o publish_v this_o discourse_n wherein_o there_o be_v no_o record_n cite_v but_o in_o my_o opinion_n equal_o assert_v the_o right_a of_o the_o peer_n of_o this_o kingdom_n as_o well_o as_o of_o the_o commons_o and_o therefore_o have_v take_v the_o boldness_n to_o send_v it_o into_o the_o world_n under_o your_o lordship_n protection_n who_o i_o know_v to_o be_v a_o great_a lover_n of_o truth_n to_o which_o all_o mankind_n ought_v to_o pay_v allegiance_n i_o shall_v have_v have_v great_a satisfaction_n if_o before_o it_o have_v be_v put_v to_o the_o press_n it_o may_v have_v receive_v your_o lordship_n judicious_a correction_n and_o approbation_n who_o knowledge_n and_o industry_n in_o venerable_a antiquity_n and_o all_o other_o useful_a learning_n be_v well_o know_v unto_o the_o world_n but_o this_o happiness_n i_o can_v not_o reasonable_o expect_v your_o lordship_n time_n be_v so_o much_o take_v up_o in_o the_o service_n of_o the_o crown_n whereof_o your_o lordship_n be_v so_o eminent_a and_o so_o great_a a_o pillar_n as_o your_o honourable_a employment_n both_o at_o home_n and_o abroad_o do_v sufficient_o demonstrate_v i_o most_o humble_o beg_v your_o lordship_n pardon_v for_o my_o presumption_n in_o this_o dedication_n which_o fault_n i_o hope_v may_v be_v extenuate_v by_o the_o relation_n i_o have_v to_o your_o lordship_n in_o my_o profession_n and_o be_v deprive_v of_o other_o mean_n public_o to_o show_v my_o humble_a gratitude_n for_o the_o many_o favour_n your_o lordship_n have_v be_v please_v to_o confer_v upon_o my_o lord_n your_o lordship_n most_o humble_a most_o faithful_a and_o most_o obedient_a servant_n w._n petyt_n the_o preface_n my_o principal_a design_n in_o this_o follow_a discourse_n be_v impartial_o to_o vindicate_v the_o just_a honour_n of_o our_o english_a parliament_n from_o the_o calumny_n and_o reproach_n of_o some_o late_a author_n who_o have_v assert_v 1._o that_o a_o essential_a part_n of_o that_o great_a council_n viz._n the_o commons_o of_o england_n represent_v by_o the_o knight_n citizens_z and_o burgess_n in_o parliament_n be_v introduce_v and_o begin_v an._n 49_o h._n 3._o by_o rebellion_n 2._o that_o before_o that_o time_n the_o commons_o be_v never_o admit_v to_o have_v any_o vote_n or_o share_v in_o the_o make_n of_o law_n for_o the_o government_n of_o the_o kingdom_n nor_o to_o any_o communication_n in_o affair_n of_o state_n to_o discover_v and_o refute_v the_o unsoundness_n of_o the_o second_o position_n and_o that_o the_o contrary_n may_v appear_v to_o be_v true_a i_o shall_v before_o i_o come_v to_o answer_v the_o first_o consider_v the_o second_o and_o endeavour_v to_o prove_v that_o during_o the_o british_a saxon_a and_o norman_a government_n the_o freeman_n or_o commons_o of_o england_n as_o now_o call_v and_o distinguish_v from_o the_o great_a lord_n be_v pars_fw-la essentialis_fw-la &_o constituens_fw-la a_o essential_a and_o constituent_a part_n of_o the_o wittena_n gemot_n commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la baronagium_fw-la angliae_fw-la or_o parliament_n in_o those_o age_n 1._o under_o the_o british_a government_n the_o briton_n call_v their_o commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la or_o parliament_n kyfr-ythen_a 34._o then_o because_o their_o law_n be_v therein_o ordain_v and_o upon_o k._n lucius_n his_o letter_n to_o pope_n elutherius_n to_o send_v he_o the_o roman_a law_n the_o pope_n who_o can_v not_o be_v ignorant_a of_o the_o constitution_n and_o frame_n of_o the_o british_a polity_n write_v back_o to_o he_o habetis_fw-la penes_fw-la vos_fw-la in_o regno_fw-la 〈◊〉_d utramque_fw-la paginam_fw-la ex_fw-la illis_fw-la dei_fw-la gratia_fw-la per_fw-la concilium_fw-la regni_fw-la vestri_fw-la sum_n legem_fw-la &_o per_fw-la illam_fw-la dei_fw-la potentia_fw-la vestrum_fw-la rege_fw-la britanniae_fw-la regnum_fw-la but_o what_o their_o law_n and_o particular_a government_n be_v be_v very_o uncertain_a by_o reason_n that_o scripta_fw-la patriae_fw-la as_o gildas_n say_v scriptorumve_fw-la monumenta_fw-la si_fw-la quae_fw-la fuerint_fw-la aut_fw-la ignibus_fw-la hostium_fw-la exusta_fw-la aut_fw-la civium_fw-la exulum_fw-la class_n longius_fw-la deportata_fw-la non_fw-la comparent_fw-la the_o history_n of_o our_o country_n if_o there_o be_v any_o be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v be_v either_o burn_v by_o the_o enemy_n or_o carry_v beyond_o the_o sea_n by_o the_o banish_a briton_n yet_o this_o be_v certain_a and_o not_o to_o be_v deny_v that_o 〈◊〉_d their_o elder_a time_n the_o people_n or_o freemen_n have_v a_o great_a share_n in_o their_o public_a council_n and_o government_n for_o dion_n cassius_n basiliae_fw-la or_o xipniline_n out_o of_o he_o in_o the_o life_n of_o severus_n assure_v we_o apud_fw-la hos_fw-la i._n e._n britannos_fw-la populus_fw-la magna_fw-la ex_fw-la parte_fw-la principatum_fw-la tenet_fw-la 2._o under_o the_o saxon_a government_n it_o can_v be_v doubt_v but_o that_o the_o saxon_n who_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o the_o british_a nation_n bring_v with_o they_o their_o country_n law_n and_o government_n and_o that_o the_o commons_o be_v a_o essential_a and_o constituent_a part_n of_o their_o commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la tacitus_n tell_v we_o de_fw-fr minoribus_fw-la rebus_fw-la principes_fw-la consultant_fw-la de_fw-la majoribus_fw-la omnes_fw-la ita_fw-la tamen_fw-la ut_fw-la ea_fw-la quoque_fw-la quorum_fw-la penes_fw-la plebem_fw-la arbitrium_fw-la est_fw-la apud_fw-la principes_fw-la praetractentur_fw-la after_o the_o saxon_a government_n become_v unite_v and_o fix_v under_o a_o sole_a christian_a monarch_n they_o still_o continue_v and_o keep_v their_o ancient_a wittena_n gemot_n or_o parliament_n as_o now_o phrased_a wherein_o they_o make_v law_n and_o manage_v the_o great_a affair_n of_o the_o king_n and_o kingdom_n according_a to_o the_o platform_n of_o their_o ancestor_n many_o authority_n may_v be_v give_v to_o evidence_n this_o i_o will_v instance_n in_o three_o or_o four_o 1._o then_o we_o have_v that_o famous_a 126._o parliament_n summon_v by_o king_n ethelbert_n an._n 605._o which_o my_o author_n call_v commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la tam_fw-la cleri_fw-la quam_fw-la populi_fw-la 2._o about_o the_o year_n 712._o 219._o king_n ina_n assemble_v a_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n wherein_o he_o
the_o three_o have_v the_o assent_n of_o the_o commons_o in_o parliament_n to_o make_v they_o law_n now_o the_o word_n progenitor_n in_o the_o statute_n must_v i_o conceive_v go_v high_o than_o ric._n 1._o for_o bracton_n a_o learned_a judge_n who_o flourish_v in_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n the_o three_o and_o so_o by_o a_o reasonable_a computation_n of_o time_n may_v be_v suppose_v to_o have_v live_v in_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o ric._n 1._o or_o beginning_n of_o king_n john_n after_o he_o have_v declare_v to_o posterity_n that_o he_o have_v bend_v his_o mind_n ad_fw-la vetera_fw-la judicia_fw-la perscrutanda_fw-la diligenter_fw-la non_fw-la sine_fw-la vigiliis_fw-la &_o labour_v and_o whatsoever_o he_o find_v notatu_fw-la dignum_fw-la he_o reduce_v in_o unam_fw-la summam_fw-la perpetuae_fw-la memoriae_fw-la commendanda_fw-la conclude_v this_o dorso_fw-la point_n thus_o cum_fw-la legis_fw-la vigorem_fw-la habeat_fw-la quicquid_fw-la de_fw-la consilio_fw-la &_o de_fw-la consensu_fw-la magnatum_fw-la &_o reipublicae_fw-la communi_fw-la sponsione_n authoritate_fw-la regis_fw-la sive_fw-la principis_fw-la praecedente_fw-la justè_fw-la fuerit_fw-la definitum_fw-la &_o approbatum_fw-la and_o so_o just_a and_o excellent_a be_v the_o balance_n of_o the_o constitution_n of_o our_o legal_a government_n in_o prevent_v any_o order_n or_o rank_n of_o the_o subject_n to_o impose_v upon_o or_o bind_v the_o rest_n without_o their_o common_a consent_n and_o in_o conserve_n as_o it_o be_v a_o universal_a liberty_n and_o property_n to_o every_o individual_a degree_n of_o man_n from_o be_v take_v from_o they_o without_o their_o assent_n as_o the_o county_n palatine_n of_o chester_n ab_fw-la antiquo_fw-la be_v not_o 11._o subject_a to_o such_o law_n to_o which_o they_o do_v not_o consent_n for_o as_o well_o before_o the_o conquest_n of_o england_n as_o after_o they_o have_v their_o commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la or_o court_n of_o parliament_n by_o authority_n of_o which_o the_o barones_n milites_fw-la &_o quamplures_fw-la alii_fw-la rot._n 44_o h._n 3._o m._n 1._o dorso_fw-la barones_n liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la &_o omnes_fw-la alii_fw-la fideles_fw-la rot._n pat._n 3._o e._n 1._o m._n 6._o or_o as_o the_o supplication_n to_o h._n 6._o say_v the_o abbot_n prior_n 〈◊〉_d clergy_n baron_n knight_n esquire_n and_o commonalty_n do_v with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o earl_n make_v or_o admit_v law_n within_o the_o same_o such_o as_o shall_v be_v think_v expedient_a and_o behoveful_a for_o the_o weal_n of_o the_o inheritor_n and_o inheritance_n of_o the_o say_a county_n and_o no_o inheritor_n or_o possessor_n within_o the_o say_a county_n be_v chargeable_a or_o liable_a or_o be_v bind_v charge_v or_o hurt_v of_o their_o body_n liberty_n franchise_n land_n good_n or_o possession_n unless_o the_o say_a county_n or_o parliament_n have_v agree_v unto_o it_o and_o i_o dare_v under_o submission_n affirm_v that_o neither_o this_o county_n palatine_n nor_o durham_n be_v ever_o subjugate_v to_o have_v their_o estate_n give_v away_o at_o the_o good_a will_n and_o pleasure_n of_o the_o earl_n or_o bishop_n under_o any_o notion_n or_o fancy_n in_o those_o day_n of_o be_v their_o representative_n in_o the_o commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la regni_fw-la or_o that_o be_v dependent_a tenant_n their_o consent_n be_v include_v in_o their_o lord_n assent_v and_o if_o the_o commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la cestrense_n or_o parliament_n be_v deduce_v from_o record_n it_o will_v be_v of_o great_a use_n to_o show_v we_o as_o in_o a_o mirror_n the_o government_n of_o england_n in_o ancient_a day_n than_o what_o i_o have_v yet_o see_v publish_v by_o any_o author_n 3._o that_o the_o answer_n of_o the_o king_n to_o the_o petition_n pen_v and_o make_v by_o all_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o land_n his_o council_n in_o parliament_n can_v be_v suppose_v to_o be_v ground_v upon_o a_o modern_a usage_n of_o 59_o year_n from_o the_o time_n of_o 49_o h._n 3._o till_o then_o if_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la jure_fw-la repraesentationis_fw-la make_v the_o parliament_n as_o some_o hold_n but_o be_v a_o declaration_n of_o the_o ancient_a custom_n and_o right_n of_o the_o nation_n 4._o that_o it_o be_v not_o in_o the_o power_n of_o all_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la of_o england_n or_o the_o great_a part_n who_o be_v the_o petitioner_n though_o with_o the_o king_n consent_n to_o bind_v and_o oblige_v other_o or_o to_o make_v or_o alter_v a_o law_n sine_fw-la assensu_fw-la communitatis_fw-la regni_fw-la who_o have_v votum_fw-la consultivum_fw-la and_o decisivum_fw-la a_o act_n of_o authority_n and_o jurisdiction_n as_o well_o in_o assent_v to_o spiritual_a law_n as_o temporal_a as_o may_v appear_v for_o a_o instance_n in_o their_o declaration_n or_o protestation_n to_o e._n 3._o in_o parliament_n que_fw-fr nul_fw-fr estatut_o ne_fw-fr ordnance_n soit_fw-fr fait_fw-fr 〈◊〉_d ne_fw-fr grante_fw-fr au_fw-fr petition_n du_fw-fr clergy_n si_fw-fr ne_fw-fr soit_fw-fr per_fw-la assent_n de_fw-mi voz_fw-mi commune_v ne_fw-fr que_fw-fr vous_fw-fr dite_fw-fr commune_v ne_fw-fr soient_fw-fr obligez_fw-fr per_fw-la nulle_v constitution_n q'il_v font_n pur_fw-mi lour_v avantage_fw-fr sanz_fw-fr assent_n de_fw-fr voz_fw-mi dite_fw-fr commune_v car_fw-fr eux_fw-fr ne_fw-fr veullent_fw-fr estre_fw-fr obligez_fw-fr nul_fw-fr de_fw-fr voz_fw-mi estatuz_fw-fr ne_fw-fr ordinance_n faitz_fw-fr sanz_fw-fr lour_v assent_n fortescue_n cap._n 8._o pag._n 40._o tell_v we_o sed_fw-la non_fw-la sic_fw-la angliae_fw-la statuta_fw-la oriri_fw-la possunt_fw-la dum_fw-la nedum_fw-la principis_fw-la voluntate_fw-la sed_fw-la &_o totius_fw-la regni_fw-la assensu_fw-la ipsa_fw-la conduntur_fw-la et_fw-la si_fw-la statuta_fw-la licet_fw-la tanta_fw-la solennitate_fw-la &_o prudentia_fw-la edita_fw-la efficaciae_fw-la tantae_fw-la quantae_fw-la conditorum_fw-la cupiebat_fw-la intentio_fw-la non_fw-la esse_fw-la contingant_fw-la concito_fw-la reformari_fw-la ipsa_fw-la possunt_fw-la &_o non_fw-la sine_fw-la communitatis_fw-la &_o procerum_fw-la regni_fw-la illius_fw-la assensu_fw-la quali_fw-la ipsa_fw-la primitus_fw-la emanarunt_fw-la and_o that_o this_o be_v the_o ancient_a law_n and_o right_n of_o the_o kingdom_n appear_v by_o the_o answer_n of_o e._n 1._o a_o o_o 22._o of_o his_o reign_n to_o the_o petition_n of_o the_o whole_a clergy_n of_o england_n for_o the_o clergy_n have_v give_v the_o king_n medietatem_fw-la omnium_fw-la 1._o bonorum_fw-la tam_fw-la temporalium_fw-la quam_fw-la spiritualium_fw-la complain_v that_o the_o immunity_n of_o the_o church_n laesa_fw-la fuit_fw-la &_o violata_fw-la petiit_fw-la à _fw-la rege_fw-la quosdam_fw-la articulos_fw-la rege_fw-la jubente_fw-la jussit_fw-la enim_fw-la rex_fw-la postquam_fw-la votis_fw-la ipsius_fw-la paruerant_fw-la in_o give_v the_o subsidy_n ut_fw-la ipsi_fw-la ab_fw-la eo_fw-la peterent_fw-la remedia_fw-la quae_fw-la vellent_fw-la et_fw-la petierunt_fw-la imprimis_fw-la ut_fw-la statutum_n de_fw-la manu_fw-la mortua_fw-la quod_fw-la in_o praejudicium_fw-la sanctae_fw-la matris_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la fuit_fw-la editum_fw-la deleretur_fw-la cui_fw-la quidem_fw-la articulo_fw-la respondit_fw-la rex_fw-la quod_fw-la idem_fw-la statutum_n de_fw-la consilio_fw-la magnatum_fw-la suorum_fw-la so_o phrased_a by_o the_o historian_n fuerat_fw-la editum_fw-la &_o ordinatum_fw-la &_o absque_fw-la eorum_fw-la consilio_fw-la non_fw-la erat_fw-la revocandum_fw-la but_o a_o more_o certain_a authority_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o statute_n be_v make_v per_fw-la commune_fw-la â—5_n concilium_fw-la regni_fw-la or_o parliament_n as_o appear_v by_o rot._n claus._n 7_o e._n 1._o m._n 5._o dorso_fw-la rot._n pat._n 10_o e._n 1._o m._n 13._o and_o then_o the_o commons_o be_v unquestionable_o a_o essential_a part_n and_o join_v in_o the_o make_v the_o statute_n the_o six_z argument_n from_o the_o form_n of_o pen_v of_o 〈◊〉_d of_o parliament_n and_o expression_n in_o record_n in_o 49_o 51_o 54_o h._n 3._o where_o it_o be_v pretend_v the_o commâ—ns_n first_o begin_v to_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o legislative_a power_n which_o agree_v with_o the_o phrase_n of_o record_n of_o act_n of_o parliament_n before_o that_o time_n the_o king_n write_v to_o the_o bishop_n 〈…〉_z of_o london_n and_o to_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o the_o province_n of_o canterbury_n that_o his_o heart_n be_v wound_v 〈…〉_z to_o dolore_fw-la that_o the_o earl_n of_o gloucester_n and_o other_o rebel_n have_v by_o crafty_a persuasion_n circumvent_v pro_fw-la 〈…〉_z r_o prince_n edward_n &_o ad_fw-la partem_fw-la svam_fw-la proditoriâ—_n aâ—â—axeâ—unt_fw-la proprii_fw-la contemptu_fw-la sacrament_n contra_fw-la formam_fw-la de_fw-la nostro_fw-la &_o ejusdem_fw-la silii_fw-la nostri_fw-la praelatorum_fw-la magnatum_fw-la &_o communitatis_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la unanimi_fw-la assensu_fw-la &_o voluntate_fw-la nuper_fw-la london_n provisam_fw-la the_o king_n per_fw-la le_fw-fr conseil_fw-fr &_o l'assentement_fw-fr 3._o le_fw-fr rei_fw-la de_fw-fr alemain_n &_o the_o countess_n &_o de_fw-fr baruns_n &_o deal_v commun_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr terre_fw-fr pardon_v and_o release_v the_o earl_n of_o gloucester_n and_o all_o his_o company_n etc._n etc._n and_o the_o king_n per_fw-mi le_fw-fr conseil_n &_o passentement_fw-fr le_fw-fr rei_fw-la de_fw-fr alemain_n &_o les_fw-fr cuntes_fw-la &_o the_o baron_n &_o le_fw-fr commun_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr terre_fw-fr pardon_v and_o release_v the_o londoner_n totes_fw-la maneres_fw-la de_fw-la
father_n william_n the_o first_o 3._o that_o the_o son_n as_o well_o as_o the_o father_n have_v several_a time_n solemn_o swear_v to_o the_o inviolable_a observance_n of_o the_o law_n of_o st._n edward_n or_o of_o the_o saxon_a government_n 4._o king_n henry_n do_v not_o depend_v on_o the_o norman_n that_o come_v in_o with_o his_o father_n no_o it_o be_v upon_o the_o english_a common_a council_n or_o parliament_n nor_o do_v he_o call_v they_o vassal_n and_o slave_n but_o amici_n &_o fideles_fw-la mei_fw-la naturales_fw-la in_o they_o he_o fix_v his_o only_a hope_n and_o assurance_n both_o for_o their_o fidelity_n and_o courage_n and_o believe_v that_o they_o will_v as_o indeed_o they_o do_v preserve_v and_o defend_v his_o crown_n and_o life_n against_o the_o great_a power_n and_o policy_n of_o he_o and_o the_o kingdom_n most_o bloody_a enemy_n who_o be_v ready_a to_o invade_v both_o with_o a_o mighty_a army_n it_o be_v then_o prudential_o and_o politic_o resolve_v unanimous_o in_o parliament_n not_o to_o permit_v or_o suffer_v the_o duke_n to_o land_n here_o but_o to_o fight_v he_o in_o his_o own_o country_n which_o the_o english_a then_o do_v forty_o year_n after_o the_o come_n in_o of_o william_n the_o first_o and_o at_o one_o battle_n not_o only_o total_o conquer_v and_o overthrow_v the_o norman_n but_o take_v robert_n their_o duke_n prisoner_n and_o thereby_o put_v a_o period_n to_o the_o danger_n and_o fear_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o first_o and_o in_o despite_n of_o the_o french_a power_n set_v the_o ducal_z crown_n of_o normandy_n upon_o the_o head_n of_o king_n henry_n a_o englishman_n and_o after_o robert_n have_v remain_v for_o some_o time_n in_o prison_n at_o last_o to_o conclude_v the_o catastrophe_n of_o his_o unhappy_a life_n he_o have_v his_o eye_n burn_v out_o of_o his_o head_n and_o so_o by_o a_o sad_a fate_n leave_v all_o to_o the_o english_a king_n from_o all_o which_o authority_n and_o reason_n under_o correction_n it_o be_v sufficient_o evidence_v that_o in_o the_o british_a saxon_a and_o norman_a government_n the_o commons_o as_o we_o now_o phrase_v they_o have_v vote_n and_o a_o share_n in_o the_o make_n and_o enact_v of_o law_n for_o the_o government_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o that_o they_o be_v a_o essential_a part_n of_o the_o commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la regni_fw-la wittena_n gemot_n or_o parliament_n before_z and_o after_o the_o suppose_a conquest_n by_o king_n william_n the_o first_o have_v thus_o conclude_v my_o preface_n i_o shall_v now_o diligent_o apply_v myself_o to_o discuss_v that_o grand_a point_n touch_v the_o introduction_n of_o the_o commons_o into_o our_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n as_o represent_v by_o the_o knight_n citizens_z and_o burgess_n be_v indeed_o the_o principal_a work_n i_o intend_v and_o be_v finish_v before_o this_o preface_n the_o difficulty_n of_o which_o can_v be_v well_o judge_v of_o but_o by_o those_o who_o have_v undertake_v subject_n of_o like_a intricacy_n for_o i_o have_v at_o a_o great_a charge_n and_o expense_n of_o time_n and_o without_o any_o man_n assistance_n or_o help_n out_o of_o the_o dark_a and_o neglect_a path_n of_o antiquity_n endeavour_v to_o make_v truth_n public_a and_o general_a and_o with_o submission_n i_o hope_v it_o will_v appear_v that_o i_o have_v rescue_v from_o the_o force_n and_o power_n of_o a_o dangerous_a grow_a error_n the_o just_a and_o ancient_a right_n and_o privilege_n of_o our_o ancestor_n in_o a_o matter_n of_o the_o high_a moment_n and_o concern_v which_o be_v impartial_o debate_v in_o the_o ensue_a discourse_n a_o subject_n whereof_o to_o the_o best_a of_o my_o knowledge_n no_o author_n hitherto_o have_v so_o particular_o treat_v a_o discourse_n wherein_o be_v prove_v that_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n be_v a_o essential_a part_n of_o the_o parliament_n before_o the_o 49_o the_o of_o hen._n 3._o several_a great_a and_o learned_a author_n of_o our_o age_n have_v in_o their_o work_n and_o write_n frequent_o publish_v and_o assert_v to_o the_o world_n this_o position_n as_o a_o unquestionable_a truth_n that_o the_o commons_o in_o parliament_n as_o distinguish_v from_o the_o lord_n compound_v of_o knight_n citizens_z and_o burgess_n have_v their_o first_o birth_n and_o beginning_n by_o rebellion_n an._n 49_o h._n 3._o and_o that_o too_o after_o the_o battle_n of_o lewes_n when_o the_o baron_n have_v the_o king_n and_o prince_n in_o their_o power_n as_o prisoner_n and_o exercise_v regal_a authority_n in_o his_o name_n the_o consideration_n and_o consequent_n thereof_o raise_v in_o my_o mind_n a_o great_a desire_n serious_o and_o impartial_o to_o inquire_v into_o so_o important_a a_o point_n of_o antiquity_n and_o the_o better_a to_o satisfy_v both_o my_o own_o judgement_n and_o the_o judgement_n of_o some_o of_o my_o friend_n i_o have_v run_v over_o many_o record_n and_o historian_n both_o ancient_a and_o modern_a in_o print_n and_o manuscript_n but_o can_v find_v any_o authority_n or_o reason_n to_o give_v a_o colour_n to_o so_o harsh_a a_o assertion_n i_o shall_v therefore_o under_o a_o humble_a submission_n to_o so_o eminent_a antiquary_n endeavour_v to_o disprove_v this_o notion_n of_o 49_o h._n 3._o by_o these_o follow_a argument_n 1._o from_o the_o claim_n and_o prescription_n of_o the_o borough_n of_o s_o t_o alban_n in_o the_o parliament_n of_o 8_o e._n 2._o to_o send_v two_o burgess_n to_o all_o parliament_n sicut_fw-la caeteri_fw-la burgenses_n regni_fw-la totis_fw-la retroactis_fw-la temporibus_fw-la in_o the_o time_n of_o e._n 1._o and_o his_o progenitor_n if_o so_o then_o in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n john_n grandfather_n to_o e._n 1._o and_o so_o before_o h._n 3._o 2._o from_o record_n a_o o_o 15_o o_o johannis_n regis_fw-la wherein_o the_o citizen_n and_o burgess_n not_o so_o numerous_a then_o as_o after_o and_o now_o together_o with_o the_o earl_n baron_n &_o magnates_fw-la angliae_fw-la be_v to_o give_v consilium_fw-la &_o auxilium_fw-la ad_fw-la honorem_fw-la regis_fw-la &_o suum_fw-la &_o statum_fw-la regni_fw-la who_o short_o after_o meet_v at_o london_n convocatum_fw-la parliamentum_fw-la de_fw-la toto_fw-la clero_fw-la &_o tota_fw-la secta_fw-la laicali_fw-la and_o so_o within_o the_o express_a prescription_n of_o the_o borough_n of_o st._n alban_n 3._o from_o the_o solemn_a resolution_n and_o great_a judgement_n of_o both_o lord_n and_o commons_o in_o the_o parliament_n of_o 40_o e._n 3._o against_o the_o pope_n that_o if_o king_n john_n have_v a_o o_o 14_o o_o of_o his_o reign_n which_o be_v three_o year_n before_o the_o grant_n of_o his_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la make_v the_o kingdom_n tributary_n to_o the_o pope_n he_o have_v do_v it_o sanz_o lour_v assent_n which_o must_v be_v understand_v to_o be_v without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o and_o therefore_o void_a 4._o from_o several_a record_n inter_fw-la alia_fw-la de_fw-fr annis_n 28_o 32_o 37_o 42_o 48_o h._n 3._o mention_v parliament_n then_o hold_v and_o their_o proceed_n in_o some_o of_o which_o the_o word_n commons_o be_v express_o mention_v as_o well_o as_o the_o prelate_n and_o magnate_v to_o be_v part_n of_o those_o parliament_n 5._o from_o a_o act_n of_o parliament_n 2_o h._n 5._o that_o famous_a prince_n where_o it_o be_v declare_v and_o admit_v that_o the_o commons_o of_o the_o land_n be_v ever_o a_o part_n of_o the_o parliament_n and_o so_o consequent_o be_v part_n of_o the_o parliament_n annis_n 16_o 17_o johannis_n 28_o 32_o 37_o 42_o 48_o h._n 3._o all_o within_o the_o prescription_n of_o the_o borough_n of_o st._n alban_n 6._o from_o the_o form_n of_o pen_v of_o act_n of_o parliament_n and_o expression_n in_o record_n in_o 49_o 51_o 54_o h._n 3._o when_o it_o be_v grant_v that_o the_o commons_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o legislative_a power_n which_o agree_v with_o the_o phrase_n of_o record_n of_o act_n of_o parliament_n before_o that_o time_n 7._o from_o the_o defect_n and_o loss_n of_o the_o parliament_n roll_v of_o h._n 3._o and_o e._n 1._o and_o from_o the_o universal_a silence_n of_o all_o record_n and_o our_o ancient_a historian_n contemporary_a and_o succeed_a 49_o h._n 3._o till_o our_o day_n 8._o from_o the_o various_a opinion_n of_o learned_a man_n in_o and_o since_o h._n 8._o time_n who_o never_o dream_v of_o any_o such_o origine_fw-la nor_o be_v ever_o hear_v of_o till_o of_o late_a 9_o from_o compare_v of_o the_o ancient_a generale_fw-mi concilium_fw-la or_o parliament_n of_o ireland_n instance_a a_o of_o 38_o h._n 3._o with_o we_o in_o england_n wherein_o the_o citizen_n and_o burgess_n be_v which_o be_v eleven_o year_n before_o the_o pretend_a beginning_n of_o the_o commons_o in_o england_n the_o first_o argument_n from_o the_o claim_n and_o prescription_n of_o the_o borough_n of_o st._n alban_n in_o the_o parliament_n of_o e._n 2._o to_o send_v two_o burgess_n to_o all_o parliament_n sicut_fw-la caeteri_fw-la burgenses_n
she_o send_v writ_n in_o the_o king_n name_n direct_v archiepiscopis_fw-la 〈…〉_z episcopis_fw-la abbatibus_fw-la prioribus_fw-la comitibus_fw-la baronibus_fw-la militibus_fw-la liberis_fw-la cominibus_fw-la civibus_fw-la &_o burgensibus_fw-la terrae_fw-la s_o 〈…〉_z hiberniae_fw-la tell_v they_o that_o mittimus_fw-la fratrem_fw-la nicholaum_n de_fw-la sancto_fw-la neoto_fw-la fratrem_fw-la hospiâ—â—i_fw-la sancti_fw-la johannis_n jerusalem_n in_fw-la anglia_fw-it ad_fw-la parse_n hiberniae_fw-la ad_fw-la exponendum_fw-la vobis_fw-la together_o with_o i._o fitz_n geoffrey_n the_o king_n justice_n the_o state_n of_o his_o land_n of_o vascony_n endanger_v by_o the_o hostile_a invasion_n of_o the_o king_n of_o castille_n qui_fw-fr nullo_n jure_fw-la sed_fw-la potentia_fw-la sua_fw-la consisus_fw-la terram_fw-la nostram_fw-la vasconiae_fw-la per_fw-la ipsius_fw-la fortitudinem_fw-la à _fw-la manibus_fw-la nostris_fw-la auferre_fw-la &_o à _fw-la dominio_fw-la regni_fw-la angliae_fw-la segregare_fw-la 3._o proponit_fw-la and_o therefore_o universitatem_fw-la vestram_fw-la quanta_fw-la possumus_fw-la affectione_n rogantes_fw-la quatenus_fw-la nos_fw-la &_o jura_fw-la nostra_fw-la totaliter_fw-la indefensa_fw-la non_fw-la deserentes_fw-la nobis_fw-la in_o tanto_fw-la periculo_fw-la quantumcunque_fw-la poteritis_fw-la de_fw-la gente_fw-la &_o pecunia_fw-la subveniatis_fw-la which_o will_v turn_v to_o their_o everlasting_a honour_n conclude_v his_o nostris_fw-la angustiis_fw-la taliter_fw-la compatientes_fw-la quod_fw-la nos_fw-la &_o baeredes_fw-la nostri_fw-la vobis_fw-la &_o haeredibus_fw-la vestris_fw-la sumus_fw-la non_fw-la immerito_fw-la obligati_fw-la testae_fw-la regina_fw-la &_o r._n comite_fw-la cornubiae_fw-la apud_fw-la windesor_fw-la 17_o o_o die_v februarii_fw-la per_fw-la reginam_fw-la the_o other_o write_v somewhat_o vary_v 〈◊〉_d be_v a_o commission_n touch_v the_o chief_a justice_n fitz_n geoffrey_n to_o be_v as_o a_o assistant_n or_o co-commissioner_n with_o father_n nicholas_n to_o hold_v the_o parliament_n to_o declare_v to_o they_o the_o state_n of_o gascony_n &_o pericula_fw-la nobis_fw-la imminentia_fw-la &_o ad_fw-la tractandum_fw-la vobiscum_fw-la super_fw-la auxilio_fw-la nobis_fw-la faciendo_fw-la against_o the_o king_n of_o castille_n desire_v they_o will_v give_v faith_n to_o what_o the_o chief_a justice_n shall_v say_v to_o they_o thereupon_o rot._n pat._n 5_o e._n 1._o m._n 13._o we_o 13._o read_v rex_fw-la archiepiscopis_fw-la episcopis_fw-la abbatibus_fw-la prioribus_fw-la comitibus_fw-la baronibus_fw-la militibus_fw-la &_o omnibus_fw-la aliis_fw-la anglicis_fw-la de_fw-la terra_fw-la hiberniae_fw-la etc._n etc._n vobis_fw-la mandamus_fw-la quod_fw-la ad_fw-la certos_fw-la dies_fw-la quos_fw-la ad_fw-la hoc_fw-la provideritis_fw-la videlicet_fw-la citra_fw-la festum_fw-la nativitatis_fw-la beatae_fw-la mariae_fw-la virgin_n in_o aliquibus_fw-la locis_fw-la opportunis_fw-la conveniatis_fw-la &_o diligentem_fw-la tractatum_fw-la inter_fw-la vos_fw-la habeatis_fw-la utrum_fw-la fuerit_fw-la praejudicio_fw-la vestri_fw-la &_o libertatum_fw-la &_o consuetudinum_fw-la vestrarum_fw-la that_o the_o mere_a irish_a shall_v use_v and_o enjoy_v the_o same_o law_n and_o custom_n in_o common_a as_o the_o english_a there_o and_o to_o send_v their_o judgement_n and_o counsel_n under_o the_o seal_n of_o the_o justice_n of_o ireland_n and_o in_o the_o twenty_o year_n of_o this_o king_n magnates_n &_o dorso_fw-la probi_fw-la homines_fw-la terrae_fw-la hiberniae_fw-la quint_fw-la amdecimam_fw-la partem_fw-la de_fw-la bonis_fw-la &_o catallis_fw-la suis_fw-la concesserunt_fw-la gratiose_fw-la to_o the_o king_n which_o certain_o be_v do_v in_o the_o generale_fw-mi concilium_fw-la or_o parliament_n and_o that_o the_o general_a phrase_n probi_fw-la homines_fw-la do_v include_v and_o comprehend_v the_o citizen_n and_o burgess_n to_o be_v part_n of_o that_o general_n council_n for_o rot._n claus._n 7_o h._n 3._o m._n 7._o dorso_fw-la the_o citizen_n of_o dublin_n be_v call_v probi_fw-la homines_fw-la nostri_fw-la dublyn_n from_o hence_o may_v be_v observe_v 1._o that_o by_o the_o patent_n roll_v of_o 38_o h._n 3._o the_o citizen_n and_o burgess_n be_v summon_v to_o meet_v at_o the_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n as_o well_o as_o the_o prelate_n earl_n baron_n knight_n and_o freeholders_n and_o equal_o desire_v to_o give_v the_o king_n a_o subsidy_n of_o man_n and_o money_n 2._o that_o though_o in_o the_o writ_n of_o e._n 1._o the_o citizen_n and_o burgess_n be_v not_o mention_v eo_fw-la nomine_fw-la the_o phrase_n of_o direction_n in_o writ_n be_v in_o those_o age_n very_o various_a sometime_o more_o general_a and_o sometime_o more_o particular_a yet_o the_o word_n omnibus_fw-la aliis_fw-la anglicis_fw-la after_o baronibus_fw-la &_o militibus_fw-la must_v comprehend_v the_o citizen_n and_o burgess_n who_o be_v to_o meet_v and_o diligent_o to_o treat_v with_o the_o archbishop_n bishop_n abbot_n prior_n earl_n baron_n and_o knight_n and_o freeholder_n whether_o it_o will_v be_v in_o prejudice_n of_o their_o liberty_n and_o custom_n if_o the_o mere_a irish_a shall_v enjoy_v the_o same_o law_n and_o custom_n as_o they_o of_o the_o english_a extraction_n do_v and_o they_o be_v to_o join_v in_o give_v their_o judgement_n and_o counsel_n with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o parliament_n and_o reason_n itself_o speak_v it_o since_o the_o admission_n of_o the_o mere_a irish_a into_o equal_a privilege_n and_o right_n with_o themselves_o in_o their_o city_n and_o town_n will_v be_v of_o so_o great_a a_o consequence_n to_o they_o for_o upon_o the_o king_n grant_v by_o charter_n to_o several_a irish_a family_n the_o benefit_n of_o the_o english_a law_n great_a dispute_n arise_v so_o that_o rot._n claus._n 10_o e._n 2._o m._n 28._o intus_fw-la upon_o a_o petition_n to_o the_o king_n he_o grant_v that_o semel_fw-la in_o anno_fw-la teneâ—tur_fw-la parliamentum_fw-la to_o redress_v their_o grievance_n touch_v the_o irish_a and_o english_a law_n and_o so_o the_o word_n parliamentum_fw-la ascertain_v what_o those_o council_n be_v in_o the_o patent_n roll_v of_o 38_o h._n 3._o and_o 5_o e._n 1._o beforementioned_a and_o now_o i_o will_v close_v my_o argument_n declare_v under_o the_o good_a favour_n of_o so_o eminent_o learned_a author_n that_o their_o resolve_n and_o opinion_n which_o they_o have_v publish_v to_o the_o world_n that_o the_o inception_n and_o original_a election_n of_o knight_n citizens_z and_o burgess_n or_o the_o admission_n of_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n as_o now_o phrased_a into_o parliament_n by_o rebellion_n and_o treason_n anno_fw-la 49_o h._n 3._o be_v not_o at_o all_o satisfactory_a and_o convince_a in_o my_o judgement_n unless_o they_o give_v more_o certain_a and_o great_a testimonial_n than_o yet_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o and_o answer_v these_o few_o record_n against_o their_o so_o severe_a position_n a_o position_n believe_v i_o that_o like_o a_o tempestuous_a whirlwind_n not_o only_o rend_v off_o and_o dismember_v a_o essential_a branch_n but_o shake_v the_o very_a root_n of_o the_o right_n and_o honour_n of_o our_o english_a parliament_n and_o equal_o wound_v both_o lord_n and_o commons_o because_o these_o learned_a author_n themselves_o do_v agree_v that_o there_o be_v not_o yet_o discover_v any_o formal_a summons_n of_o the_o great_a lord_n no_o more_o than_o of_o the_o commons_o to_o any_o parliament_n before_o the_o say_v 49_o h._n 3._o and_o here_o i_o must_v beg_v the_o favour_n of_o the_o reader_n of_o add_v a_o supplemental_a argument_n which_o at_o first_o i_o confess_v be_v not_o intend_v and_o it_o be_v this_o if_o in_o the_o general_a council_n or_o in_o our_o present_a dialect_n parliament_n for_o instance_n 1._o of_o france_n 2._o spain_n 3._o portugal_n 4._o denmark_n 5._o sweden_n and_o 6._o scotland_n the_o city_n and_o great_a town_n or_o borough_n have_v from_o time_n immemorable_a both_o de_fw-fr jure_fw-la and_o de_fw-la facto_fw-la have_v their_o delegate_n or_o representative_n upon_o what_o authority_n or_o reason_n can_v it_o be_v believe_v that_o so_o universal_a a_o northern_a custom_n or_o law_n do_v not_o obtain_v and_o be_v never_o practise_v in_o england_n before_o 49_o h._n 3_o 1._o for_o france_n we_o find_v their_o 9_o conventus_fw-la ordinum_fw-la or_o l'assemblie_n des_fw-fr estate_n consist_v the_o sacerdotio_fw-la nobilitate_fw-la &_o plebe_fw-la of_o the_o clergy_n nobility_n and_o commons_o this_o be_v evident_a by_o the_o parliament_n roll_v consimiliforma_fw-la 9_o h._n 5._o which_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o peace_n make_v between_o england_n and_o france_n that_o the_o same_o be_v confirm_v in_o france_n per_fw-la tres_fw-la status_fw-la regni_fw-la viz._n praelatorum_fw-la &_o cleri_fw-la necnon_fw-la procerum_fw-la &_o nobilium_fw-la ac_fw-la etiam_fw-la civium_fw-la delegate_n burgensium_fw-la civitatum_fw-la villarum_fw-la &_o communitatum_fw-la dicti_fw-la regni_fw-la francorum_fw-la ipsi_fw-la tres_fw-la status_fw-la eandem_fw-la pacem_fw-la &_o omne_fw-la &_o singula_fw-la contenta_fw-la in_o eadem_fw-la approbarunt_fw-la laudarunt_fw-la acceptarunt_fw-la &_o auctorizarunt_fw-la it_o seem_v by_o this_o that_o the_o french_a king_n be_v not_o so_o despotical_a and_o absolute_a by_o the_o fundamental_a law_n of_o that_o kingdom_n as_o their_o successor_n have_v by_o act_n of_o power_n since_o make_v themselves_o 2._o in_o spain_n their_o curia_fw-la or_o cortes_n deal_v reyno_n be_v compound_v as_o dr._n heylin_n cite_v out_o of_o the_o
qui_fw-la inter_fw-la alios_fw-la principes_fw-la orbis_fw-la terrae_fw-la catholicum_fw-la se_fw-la exhibet_fw-la &_o romanae_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la devotum_fw-la jura_fw-la sua_fw-la &_o libertates_fw-la &_o consuetudines_fw-la &_o leges_fw-la praedictas_fw-la absque_fw-la diminutione_n &_o inquietudine_fw-la pacifice_fw-la possidere_fw-la ac_fw-la illibata_fw-la persistere_fw-la benignius_fw-la permittatis_fw-la in_o cujus_fw-la rei_fw-la testimonium_fw-la sigilla_fw-la tam_fw-la pro_fw-la nobis_fw-la quam_fw-la pro_fw-la tota_fw-la communitate_fw-la praedicti_fw-la regni_fw-la angliae_fw-la praesentibus_fw-la sunt_fw-la appensa_fw-la datis_n &_o act_n lincolniae_n anno_fw-la dom._n 1301._o 2._o the_o second_o be_v the_o letter_n to_o 22._o the_o pope_n make_v at_o the_o parliament_n 17_o e._n 3._o touch_v provision_n quod_fw-la rex_fw-la &_o tota_fw-la nobilitas_fw-la regni_fw-la pati_fw-la noluit_fw-la etc._n etc._n thus_o translate_v whereby_o the_o phrase_n nobilitas_fw-la regni_fw-la in_o the_o historian_n will_v be_v explain_v to_o the_o most_o holy_a father_n in_o 〈…〉_z god_n lord_n clement_n by_o the_o grace_n of_o god_n of_o the_o holy_a church_n of_o rome_n and_o of_o the_o universal_a church_n chief_a and_o high_a bishop_n his_o humble_a and_o devout_a child_n the_o prince_n duke_n earls_z baron_n knight_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n and_o all_o the_o commonalty_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n assemble_v at_o a_o parliament_n hold_v at_o westm._n the_o 15_o the_o day_n of_o 〈…〉_z may_v last_v past_a etc._n etc._n in_o witness_v whereof_o we_o have_v hereunto_o set_v our_o seal_n give_v in_o the_o full_a parliament_n at_o westm._n on_o the_o eighteen_o day_n of_o may_n anno_fw-la dom._n 1343._o and_o indeed_o the_o commons_o be_v 〈…〉_z so_o high_o incense_v that_o the_o parliament_n roll_v of_o this_o year_n tell_v we_o that_o la_fw-fr dite_fw-fr commune_fw-la ne_fw-fr le_fw-fr poet_n ne_fw-fr le_fw-fr 〈…〉_z t_o plus_fw-la endurere_fw-la those_o strange_a oppression_n of_o the_o pope_n and_o provisor_n so_o that_o the_o parliament_n of_o 24_o h._n 8._o after_o great_a debate_n and_o consideration_n and_o a_o diligent_a search_n and_o inspection_n of_o the_o ancient_a record_n of_o the_o kingdom_n do_v ground_n their_o statute_n among_o other_o upon_o these_o great_a authority_n the_o statute_n say_v whereas_o the_o king_n his_o most_o noble_a progenitor_n and_o the_o nobility_n and_o commons_o of_o the_o say_a realm_n at_o divers_a and_o sundry_a parliament_n as_o well_o in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edw._n 1._o 〈◊〉_d 3._o r._n 2._o h._n 4._o and_o other_o noble_a 〈◊〉_d of_o this_o realm_n make_v sundâ—â—_n or_o 〈…〉_z s_o law_n statute_n and_o p_o 〈…〉_z for_o the_o entire_a and_o sure_o 〈…〉_z tion_n of_o the_o prerogative_n lib_fw-la 〈…〉_z and_o preeminence_n of_o the_o 〈…〉_z 〈◊〉_d imperial_a crown_n of_o this_o realm_n and_o of_o the_o jurisdiction_n spiritual_a and_o temporal_a of_o the_o same_o to_o keep_v it_o from_o the_o annoyance_n as_o well_o of_o the_o see_v of_o rome_n as_o from_o the_o authority_n of_o other_o foreign_a potentate_n attempt_v the_o diminution_n and_o violation_n thereof_o as_o often_o and_o from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o any_o such_o annoyance_n or_o attempt_n may_v be_v know_v or_o espy_v pulton_n stat._n 24_o h._n 8._o c._n 12._o but_o to_o conclude_v the_o point_n of_o the_o various_a lection_n certain_o the_o different_a and_o great_a variety_n of_o word_n and_o phrase_n by_o which_o both_o the_o ancient_a historian_n and_o record_n have_v in_o their_o several_a age_n and_o time_n express_v and_o denote_v the_o communia_fw-la concilia_fw-la regni_fw-la or_o parliament_n as_o now_o call_v and_o their_o constituent_a part_n be_v not_o well_o observe_v and_o consider_v by_o most_o of_o our_o late_a english_a author_n who_o understand_v they_o as_o if_o they_o have_v signify_v what_o afterward_o they_o do_v and_o now_o do_v have_v impose_v on_o our_o historical_a faith_n and_o propagate_v to_o posterity_n many_o palpable_a and_o gross_a error_n whereby_o great_a and_o unkind_a clashing_n and_o diversity_n of_o opinion_n as_o well_o among_o learned_a man_n as_o other_o have_v have_v their_o source_n and_o spring_n nay_o even_o between_o prince_n and_o people_n the_o general_a conclusion_n my_o only_a aim_n and_o endeavour_v in_o this_o discourse_n have_v be_v from_o public_a record_n private_a manuscript_n and_o the_o best_a historian_n to_o search_v out_o and_o discover_v truth_n and_o to_o assert_v the_o just_a honour_n of_o our_o worthy_a and_o famous_a ancestor_n commoner_n of_o england_n as_o now_o phrased_a great_a maintainer_n of_o the_o interest_n and_o dignity_n of_o the_o king_n and_o kingdom_n and_o with_o submission_n to_o better_a judgement_n i_o hope_v i_o have_v plain_o prove_v 1._o that_o the_o freeman_n or_o commons_o of_o england_n be_v a_o essential_a and_o constituent_a part_n of_o the_o saxon_a wittena_n gemott_n or_o parliament_n 2._o that_o they_o so_o continue_v in_o the_o time_n of_o w._n 1._o w._n 2._o and_o h._n 1._o which_o last_o be_v a_o englishman_n by_o way_n of_o charter_n restore_v and_o confirm_v the_o law_n of_o edward_n the_o confessor_n as_o his_o father_n william_n 1._o as_o well_o by_o his_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la or_o great_a charter_n as_o by_o his_o oath_n have_v before_o do_v both_o when_o he_o be_v crown_v and_o also_o at_o berkhamstead_n in_o the_o seven_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n 3._o and_o though_o the_o roll_n of_o parliament_n in_o the_o succeed_a king_n reign_v till_o e._n 2._o be_v lose_v or_o not_o find_v so_o as_o we_o be_v at_o a_o loss_n as_o to_o the_o several_a order_n of_o parliament_n yet_o by_o what_o have_v be_v deduce_v from_o other_o record_n before_o cite_v it_o be_v evident_a i_o conceive_v that_o the_o citizen_n and_o burgess_n be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o parliament_n anno_fw-la 16._o of_o king_n john_n and_o so_o have_v not_o their_o beginning_n by_o rebellion_n anno_fw-la 49_o h._n 3._o and_o therefore_o i_o may_v with_o good_a reason_n and_o warranty_n conclude_v that_o our_o ancestor_n the_o commons_o of_o england_n the_o knight_n gentleman_n freeholder_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n of_o a_o great_a and_o mighty_a nation_n be_v very_o far_o from_o be_v in_o former_a time_n such_o vassal_n and_o slave_n or_o so_o abject_a poor_a and_o inconsiderable_a as_o the_o absurd_a and_o malicious_a ignorance_n and_o falsity_n of_o late_a writer_n have_v be_v please_v to_o make_v and_o represent_v they_o especial_o the_o author_n of_o the_o grand_a freeholder_n inquest_n and_o mr._n james_n howel_n as_o if_o they_o be_v only_a beast_n of_o carriage_n and_o burden_n ordain_v to_o be_v tax_v and_o tâ—lliâ—â—ed_v and_o have_v their_o life_n estate_n and_o liberty_n give_v away_o and_o dispose_v of_o without_o their_o own_o assent_n under_o a_o novel_a opinion_n and_o conceit_n that_o they_o be_v no_o part_n of_o the_o commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la regni_fw-la or_o parliament_n before_o 49_o h._n 3._o perlege_fw-la quae_fw-la regni_fw-la clarissima_fw-la conciliorum_fw-la sunt_fw-la monumenta_fw-la aliter_fw-la nil_fw-la praeter_fw-la somnia_fw-la cernis_fw-la appendix_n after_o i_o have_v complete_v the_o forego_n argument_n a_o material_a objection_n be_v by_o some_o of_o my_o friend_n offer_v i_o which_o if_o not_o clear_v in_o this_o discourse_n might_n in_o their_o judgement_n give_v a_o colour_n and_o pretence_n for_o a_o belief_n of_o a_o opinion_n which_o be_v this_o that_o the_o commons_o or_o people_n of_o objection_n england_n be_v from_o the_o time_n of_o the_o norman_a conquest_n represent_v by_o such_o as_o hold_v of_o thâ—_n k_n 〈…〉_z 〈◊〉_d capite_fw-la until_o 49_o h._n 3._o and_o 〈◊〉_d by_o two_o 〈◊〉_d for_o each_o county_n and_o certain_a burgess_n for_o several_a burrough_n and_o baron_n for_o the_o cinque_fw-fr port_n have_v before_o lay_v down_o a_o clear_a solution_n and_o plain_a distinction_n between_o barones_n regis_fw-la and_o barones_n regni_n i_o shall_v therefore_o now_o distinguish_v upon_o the_o phrase_n milites_fw-la &_o libere_fw-la revenue_n 1._o milites_fw-la &_o libere_fw-la tenâ—ntes_fw-la qui_fw-la de_fw-la distinction_n rege_fw-la tenent_fw-la in_o capite_fw-la 2._o milites_fw-la &_o libere_fw-la tenentes_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la distinction_n the_o first_o distinction_n i_o thus_o prove_v rot._n pal._n 2._o johannis_n m._n 9_o rex_fw-la dilecâ—is_fw-la distinction_n &_o fidelibus_fw-la 〈…〉_z s_o baronibus_fw-la militibus_fw-la &_o libere_fw-la tenentibus_fw-la qui_fw-la de_fw-la eo_fw-la tenent_fw-la in_fw-la he_o 〈…〉_z rnia_fw-la rot._n claus._n 19_o h._n 3._o m._n 7._o 8._o dorso_fw-la reâ—_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d sciatis_fw-la quod_fw-la ar_n 〈…〉_z 〈◊〉_d aâ—baâ—es_n priores_fw-la c_o 〈…〉_z 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d omâ—â—s_fw-la alii_fw-la de_fw-fr regno_fw-la qui_fw-la de_fw-la nobiâ—â—â—nent_fw-la in_o capite_fw-la spontanea_fw-la 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d &_o 〈◊〉_d consuetudine_fw-la con_v 〈…〉_z 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈…〉_z lium_o ad_fw-la magna_fw-la neâ—â—tia_fw-la 〈◊〉_d eâ—pedienda_fw-la rot._n claus._n 26_o h_n 3._o m._n 7._o dorso_fw-la rex_fw-la 〈…〉_z omili_fw-la norhamptoniae_fw-la praecipimus_fw-la tâ—â—i_fw-la 〈◊〉_d alius_fw-la praecipimus_fw-la quâ—d_fw-la 〈◊〉_d facias_fw-la archiepi_fw-la 〈…〉_z