the Synod broke up Having setled the Affairs of the City the King went away to Leon leaving Queen Constance and the Archbishop there with a good Garrison There was but a small number of Christians in regard of the Moors yet all things seemed to be well secured However the rashness of the new Prelate put the City in danger of being lost Our Ladies Church which as curious Persons have observ'd is now a Monastery of Carmelites was then the Cathedral the great Church being in the Hands of the Moors It seemed not decent that in a City taken from the Moors they should possess the best Church this might in time have been regulated but the Archbishops hast had like to have ruined all He agreed with the Queen to take it forcibly from them by Night and accordingly breaking open the Doors cast out all that belonged to the Mahometans erected Altars and hanging a Bell in the Steeple called together the Christians to assist at Divine Service This Alarm'd the Infidels so that they could scarce refrain from revenging themselves and only forbore in hopes the King would do them Justice When the News of what had been done was brought to the King he was greatly inraged and Posted away to Toledo with full resolution to punish this breach of Articles with the utmost severity All the principal Inhabitants of Toledo knowing his design went out in Mourning to meet him and the Clergy in Procession and being come to his presence Prostrate on the ground begged Pardon Their intreaties were of no force for he persisted inflexible God Almighty in an unexpected manner put a stop to the evil that was feared for the chief of the Moors their Passion being over considered if the King used any severity on their account it might after his days turn to their Ruin went out of the City and meeting the King begged he would forgive the Queen and Archbishop so they might for the future be secured in their Possessions This request made by the Infidels was so surprizing that he not only pardoned those they begged for but promised that he would ever remember that day and be favourable to them for the Love they had shown him All the City rejoiced and it was ordained that the Memory of this day being the 24 of January should be for ever preserved making it a Festival under the Name of Our Lady of Peace It was said above that Richard Abbot of Marseilles was sent by Pope Gregory VII as his Legate into Spain and that in a Synod held at Burgos he had Established the Roman Ceremonies and form of Prayer This Legate abused his Power committing many insolencies without regard to any thing but gain which scandaliz'd the People so that they railed not only at him but at the Pope himself Bernard the Archbishop was troubled at these miscarriages but had not the Power to Redress them It was then the Custom of Spain in pursuance of a Decree of the Eighth General Council which was the last of Constantinople that no Metropolitans should be Consecrated or exercise their Function till their Election was confirmed by the Pope and he had sent them the Pall. This process of time was extended to Bishops Upon these two Motives the Archbishop resolved to go to Rome but before his departure with the King's Approbation he gathered a Synod of Bishops and Consecrated the Cathedral of Toledo under the Invocation of St. Mary St. Peter St. Paul St. Stephen and the Holy-Cross Vrban II. being Pope in the Year 1088. Bernard the Archbishop being at Rome obtained all he desired to wit the recalling of the Legate and the confirming of himself Primate of all Spain and that part of France called Gallia Gothica By this Authority being returned from Rome he called a Synod of the neighbouring Bishops to Toulouze where he prevailed to be received as their Metropolitan Before the return of the Archbishops to Toledo the Legate had attempted to Abrogate the Gotbick Missal and Breviary and introduce the Roman This had been often endeavoured but the People Tenacious of Old Customs still opposed it Now the Queen the Primate and the Legate used such means that at length they prevailed yet so that in the Ancient Churches the Ancient form should still be continued Which is observed to this day And that Service is still used on certain Festivals in those Churches Besides in the Cathedral there is a Chapel to which belongs a number of Chaplains called Mocarabes or more properly Mixtiar abes who still use that Massal and Breviary This name of Mixtiarabes corruptly Moçarabes was given to the Christians that in the time of the Moors lived under their Government and mixed with the Infidels All the new Churches in Toledo were ordered to say Mass according to the Roman Liturgy This debate being ended the City began to flourish beautiful new Buildings were erected many of the Moors went away and their places were filled by Christian inhabitants to whom were granted Priviledges and Immunities as appears by the Royal Charters still preserved among the Records of Toledo In the Year 1091. Bernard the Primate who studyed nothing but the publick good gathered a Synod at Leon at which was present Cardinal Raynerius the Pope's Legate who succeeded Richard the Cardinal Many Decrees were here made for Reformation of the Clergy at that time grownivery corrupt It was also ordained that for the future in all publick Writings the Gothick Character should be no longer used but instead of it the French It will not be amiss in this place briefly to show how the Archbishops of Toledo came first to be Primates and Metropolitants of all Spain Some will deduce it from the time of the Apostles and pretend that S. Eugenius the Martyr came to Spain and was the first Archbishop of Toledo but we have only the Authority of Modern Authors for it By the Ancient Councils it appears that their Authority is not so long a standing since they sign not to any of them in the first place There were formerly in Spain 5 Archbishopricks viz. Tarragona Braga Merida Sevil and Toledo and none of these acknowledged any Superior but the Pope and each took place in Councils according to the Seniority of his Consecration Now the Goths who at first possessed themselves of the Kingdom of Toledo having subdued all other Barbarons Nations in Spain and made themselves Masters of the whole Country hence this City being the Court of those Kings began to assume a Superiority over all the rest This Authority took its first force in the Seventh Council of Toledo which ordained that all the Neighbouring Bishops should in their turns being called by him their Primate repair to that City and there attend on the King and Archbishop for the space of a Month. The Archbishops Superiority being thus far established was much advanced in the twelfth Council of that City which decreed that the Election of
raise 3000 Men with this Proviso he should make use of them only to oppose the Enemies of Carthage but not to Invade the Mauritanians their ancient Friends and Allies Sappho kept these Spaniards at the Mouth of the Streights in hopes the Mauritanians would forbear Assisting the other People of Africk but perceiving they did not he passed over burning and destroying all the Towns and Country plundering the Houses and carrying away Slaves all the People that came within his reach Complaint hereof being made by the Mauritanians the Spaniards sent Embassadors to Carthage where it was agreed that Sappho should withdraw his Forces out of Africk and the Mauritanians theirs giving Aid against the Carthaginians Notwithstanding this Agreement the Mauritanians continued their Hostilities whereupon Sappho who had return'd into Spain repassed the Streights again doing much greater Damage than the first time till the Spaniards again interposing with much difficulty obtain'd sending him fresh Supplies of Men that he should pass farther into Africk beyond the Limits of the Mauritanians against the other Enemies of Carthage By these means the Africans being inclosed by those that came out of Carthage and those that passed out of Spain were entirely Defeated and so that War ended the Year of Rome 283. Seven Years after Sappho having settled the Affairs of Spain was recalled Home and Himilco Hanno and Gisgo his three Cousins sent in his place Himilco and Hanno set sail with a Fleet for their new Government and touching by the Way at Majorca and Minorca obtain'd leave of the Natives to raise Forts there which after served as steps to the inslaving those People In Minorca they are said to have built three Towns Jama Magon and Labon Hanno no sooner arrived at Cadiz but being ambitious of Glory and desirous to discover something New he sailed along those Coasts as far as Promontorium sacrum or Cape St. Vincent and sent Notes of all he had observ'd to the Senate promising great Advantages if two Fleets were fitted out the one to discover the Coast of Africk the other those of Spain and France It was ordered by the Senate that Himilco should undertake the Discovery of Europe and Hanno that of Africk leaving Gisgo to Govern in Spain All things being provided about the Year of Rome 307. the two Brothers set out several Ways Himilco kept close to the Coast of Spain and passing Cape Finisterre ran to the Eastward till he came to the Gallick Shore and so is said to have gone thro' the British Sea and even as far as the Baltick and having spent two Years in his Voyage returned Hanno with a Fleet of 60 great Galleys in which were 30000 Men and Women to Plant where he thought convenient sailed from Cadiz and having passed Hercules's Pillars on a great Plain built a City which he called Thymiaterion Arrianus says he discover'd as far as certain Islands which are supposed to lie under the Equinoctial and then return'd but Pliny affirms he passed the Cape of Good Hope and even into the Red Sea whence he sent an Account of all he had done to Carthage All agree that he was five Years abroad and return'd home in the Year of Rome 312. Hanno and Himilco being return'd into Spain after these long Voyages hasted away to Carthage where they were receiv'd with great Honour Gisgo who had been left to Govern Spain soon after obtain'd leave to follow them Hannibal and Mago were next appointed to Command in Spain Mago made some stay on the Islands Baleares and is therefore supposed to have built the Town of his Name in the Island Minorca but this is only a bare surmise without any Authority to back it Hannibal being arrived at Cadiz Gisgo loaded his Fleet with the Treasure he and his Brother had heaped during his Government and in his return home was cast away with all his Riches in the Year after the building of Rome 315. Hannibal is said to have built a Town not far from Cape St Vincent upon a good Port which was formerly call'd Portus Hannibalis now Albor near Lagos once Lacobriga The Tartesii built a Fort at the Mouth of Guadalquivir and a Temple to Venus and because that Star is also called Lucifer it was named Templum Luciferi now St. Lucar a most noted Town for the Trade of the West Indies About this same time our Historians say began a bloody War betwixt those of the Province Betica and the Lusitani Nations divided by the River Guadiana This War they say had its beginning from small Quarrels betwixt the Shepherds the Carthaginians sided with the Lusitani a great neighbouring City supposed to be Iberia assisted those of Betica their Rage on both sides was so great that the very Women are said to have taken Arms. They came to a Battle which was very Bloody and lasted the whole Day till Night parted them In it 80000 Men were Slain and among them the Commander in chief of the Carthaginians supposed if this Matter be true to be Hannibal Mago hearing the news of this Battle came from the Islands Baleares to the Assistance of his Country-Men and oblig'd the People of the City who had sustain'd great loss in the Fight to fire it and seek new Places to Inhabit The same Year a great Revolution hap'ned in Carthage for Asdrubal and Sappho Hannibal's Brothers being Dead Hanno's Authority after his Defeat in Spain was wholly overthrown by his Enemies the whole Power of the Government was put into the Hands of an Hundred Men who were to inspect into the Actions of all Generals when they return'd from the War By them Hanno was Try'd and Condemn'd to perpetual Banishment The principal Crime laid to his Charge was that he was a Man of too great Parts and Ability to live in a Free-City being the first that had ever tamed a Lion and therefore might be likely to prove dangerous to the Liberty of Men since he could overcome the savage Nature of Beasts But it is the Fate of Common-Wealths to hate the best of Men. THE History of SPAIN The Second BOOK CHAP. 1. Actions of the Spaniards in Sicily The Government of Hanno An Embassy sent to Alexander the Great The first Roman and Carthaginian War WE have no Account of any thing remarkable that hap'ned in Spain for some time till the Year of Rome 327. which was the time of the Peloponnesian War In the second Year whereof a terrible Plague rag'd all over the World it began in Aethiopia and thence running thro' several Countries at last came into Spain where it swept away vast Multitudes of Men and Cattle Thucydides Livy and Dionysius Halicarnassaeus make mention of this Plague and our Authors say it proceeded from the great dryness of the Air but Hippocrates who lived at that time says that to free Thessaly his Country from it he caused all the Woods and Forests to be Fired In Sicily at this
Pompey's Legate or Lieutenant Thus the Besieged having lost all hopes of Relief were forced to surrender upon Condition their Lives should be spared and they might carry away their Goods This being performed the City was fired rather in scorn to the Roman Generals who looked on than thro' malice Orosius says Pompey was gone before Laurona was taken that the Townsmen were either put to the Sword or sold as Slaves and the Town plundered Moreover it is said the Roman Army consisted of 30000 Foot 1000 Horse whereas Sertorius had double the number of Foot and 8000 Horse Nothing more was done this Year Metellus and Pompey went to Winter near the Pyrenean Mountains Sertorius returned to Lusitania where his greatest strength lay As soon as the Season would allow it in the Year 677. both Armies took the Field The Romans divided their Forces Pompey took the City Segeda by storm Metellus fought with Hirtuleyus Sertorius's General killed 20000 of his Men and he himself escaped by flight Metellus was so proud of this Success that he wore Embroidery at Feasts and at his entry into any City suffered Incense to be offered to him as a God Some imagine that one of the two Bulls at Guisando that are cut in Stone was set up in memory of this Victory because it has this Inscription in Latin To Q. Metellus Conqueror twice Consul Pompey after taking Segeda adventured to give the Enemy Battle which was very bloody and he had certainly been lost but that Metellus who was near at hand came in and rescued him so the Armies parted with equal loss on both sides and no visible advantage as to point of Honour After this Battle Sertorius for some time was extreamly Melancholy for the loss of his Doe which he feared was taken by the Enemy and he looked upon as an ill Omen but she on a sudden again appearing he resumed his usual Mirth and applyed himself to the care of the War Another Battle was fought about the same place near the River Turia which runs thro' the Country of Valencia and is now called Guadalaviar Both Parties fought with great Resolution but Pompey got the day and Sertorius's Army was entirely Defeated Hirtuleyus and his Brother as also Caius Herennius were killed In the heat of this Fight one of Pompey's Men slew his own Brother that served on the other side which when he found as he was about stripping of him it so sensibly touched him that after sheding many Tears and laying the dead Body on the Funeral Pile he fell upon his own Sword Sertorius was at Calahorra gathering new Forces which when Pompey understood he marched to Besiege him in that place but he broke thro' and escaped tho' with the loss of 3000 Men and having got together a mighty Army offered his Enemy Battle which he avoided and marched into Winter Quarters Metellus beyond the Pyreneans and Pompey in Old Castile Sertorius was naturally of a sweet Temper had not Jealousies altered his good Inclinations and prevailed with him to slight the Romans who were disobliged for that he committed the Guard of his Person to the Celtiberi Besides he became Cruel and killed several of his Friends and some of those Youths he had sent to Osca to Study the rest he sold as Slaves and thus he alienated the Affections of the Natives which were his only support Metellus in the Spring took in several Towns On the contrary Pompey was forced by Sertorius to raise the Siege he had laid to Valencia but having increased his Forces constrained the Enemy to retire and pursued him as far as Cape St. Martin near Denia formerly called Prom. Hemeroscopeum where there happen'd a Skirmish betwixt them and nothing else considerable both Parties being unwilling to come to a Battle by reason of the smallness of their Forces In short the affairs of Sertorius went to decay till at length all fell to the Ground by his Death He was killed at Osca by one Anthony a Man of note who stab'd him as they sate together at a Feast This Design was laid by Perpenna and tho' in part discovered for which some were put to Death yet that very thing hastned the others to put it in execution This was the end of Sertorius by the Spaniards called the Roman Hannibal He left no Children and died in the Year 681. It is supposed his Body was buried at Ebora because a Tomb was found in that City as they were digging the Foundations of St. Lewis's Church with an Inscription in Latin to that effect but for this we have no Authority but that of Ambrose de Morales our Spanish Antiquary besides whom no Author of Credit mentions any such thing nor is any such Inscription to be heard of tho' it was inserted in my Latin History upon the bare Authority of the aforesaid Morales CHAP. V. Pompey appeases the Troubles in Spain Julius Caesar comes into Spain The beginning of the Civil Wars there Pompey's Generals defeated and the whole Country reduced by Julius Caesar who returns to Rome THE Death of Sertorius being known caused great Grief among his Men and they were highly Enraged when they understood Perpenna had been the Author of it and that he was by Sertorius's Will appointed one of his Heirs and sole Successor in the Government Perpenna what with Gifts and what with fair Promises soon appeased them which was the easier because the fear of the Romans tyed the Hands of many that meditated Revenge Perpenna being possessed of the Command and still suspecting the Fidelity of his Soldiers carefully avoided coming to a Battle with Pompey who laboured to put an end to that War Metellus being gone to Rome But the conduct of Pompey out-did the wariness of Perpenna for he fell into an Ambush where many of his Men were cut off the rest put to flight and he himself was taken out of the Bushes where he had hid himself He begged to be carried to Pompey having still some hopes in the Roman mercy but was deceived in his Expectation for he caused him presently to be killed as is thought for fear he should make any Discoveries whereby others might suffer for which same reason he burnt the Letters of those that invited Sertorius into Italy Sertorius and Perpenna being dead the Troubles of Spain were soon appeased Huesca Valencia and the Termestini presently submitted to the Conqueror Osma offering to stand out was taken by storm and destroyed Afranius kept such a streight Siege upon Calahorra that the Townsmen lived for some time upon the flesh of their Wives and Children which gave occasion to the Romans to call any great Famine Fames Calagurritana In conclusion it was entered by Assault the Town Demolished and the Inhabitants put to the Sword All the other Towns terrified by this Example submitted themselves The War being ended Pompey raised many Trophies upon the Pyrenean Mountains in memory of the Victories obtained and Towns he
Force or upon Submission is not known All things being settled with a wonderful Celerity Caesar having gather'd vast sums of Money to which effect he spared not the Temple of Hercules departed for Rome where he arrived in October Asinius Pollio was left to govern Hispania Vlterior and Marcus Lepidus the Citerior together with Gallia Narbonensis About this time some guess Cordova had the name of Colonia Patricia given it and several other Towns to flatter the Conqueror chang'd their Names as Attubis which was call'd Claritas Julia Ebora in Portugal Liberalitas Julia Calahorra also took the name of Julia Sexi that of Firmum Julium Iliturgi which is Anduxar that of Forum Julium Those of Ampurias laying aside the distinction there was betwixt Greeks and Spaniards receiv'd the Roman Custom Language and Laws with the Name of a Colony There are many Monuments of this War remaining in Spain and particularly at Talavera a Town well known in the Kingdom of Toledo on that part of the Wall which is opposite to St. Peter's Church these words are to be seen cut in the stones To Gneius Pompey the Son of Pompey the Great The remaining part is worn out and not legible but suppos'd to be set up in Memory of some great Action CHAP. VII Other Commotions in Spain after the Death of Caesar the beginning of the Empire of Augustus and War of Cantabria THE power of Julius Caesar was at its greatest height when the Senators Conspiring against him as a Tyrant slew him in the Senate on the 15 of March in the Year 710 giving him 23 Wounds From that time some begin the Computation of the Years of Augustus his Reign but the most Commence from the following Year when on the 22 of September according to Dio he was chosen Consul in the Place of C. Vibius Pansa slain near Modena In Spain Pollio attended to suppress the Robbers that thro' the Confusion of the times were grown very Numerous about Sierra Morena When the News of Julius Caesar's Death was brought to him he Assembled the Principal Men at Cordova and there protested before them that he would in all things submit to the Authority of the Senate of Rome This seem'd to promise some settlement of Affairs but it prov'd otherwise for Sextus Pompey appear'd about Jaca formerly the Lacetani thinking to make his advantage of the times He set up his Standard made Levies and some Men resorting to him form'd a Legion with which he took a Town near Carthagena call'd Vergi now Vera or as others will have it Verja This small beginning chang'd the Face of Affairs and Pompey's Party which seem'd to be quite forgot was revived and grew the more formidable for that he having in a pitched Battle defeated Pollio possess'd himself of all that Province of Betica or Andaluzia The upper Garment of Pollio falling or being by him cast off was a great cause of this Victory for the Soldiers imagining thereby that their General was Kill'd dismay'd and soon fled Marcus Lepidus soon quieted these troubles and perswaded Sextus with the Money he had got to go to Rome whereby he might recover his Father's Inheritance Italy was no less embroil'd in Civil Wars at the same time the Senate setting up Octavian Julius Caesar's Nephew to oppose the designs of Marc Antony whom he defeated at Modena where he had besieged Decius Brutus the Consul elect for the ensuing Year Marc Antony fled into Gaul where he agreed with Lepidus and both of them soon after with Augustus This was the beginning of the Triumvirate which divided the Roman Empire into three Parts Lepidus had Gallia Narbonensis and all Spain Antony the rest of Gaul and Augustus Italy Africk Siclly and Sardinia The Provinces of the East were not divided because Brutus and Cassius the Murderers of Caesar were possess'd of them There follow'd a great Butchery of the Nobility call'd the Proscription whereby many suffered and among the rest the Famous M. Tullius Cicero Thus the City of Rome again lost its Liberty There ensu'd other Wars first with the Murderers of Caesar then with Lucius Antonius Brother to Marc Antony After which follow'd a new distribution of Provinces which was in the Year 714 after the building of Rome In this division Spain fell to Octavian and hence it is the common and much us'd Computation of Years called Aera Caesaris takes its beginning But the most usual now Commences from the Birth of Christ which was the 39 of the other Computation according to the best Accounts In Spain that Computation continu'd till the Year of our Lord 1383 when King John the first of Castile in an Assembly of the States or Parliament order'd that for the future all computation of Years should Commence from the Birth of Christ The same had been done not long before at Valencia and was follow'd soon after in Portugal But to return to the Affairs of the Government Domicius Calvinus in the Year 35 before the Birth of Christ govern'd Spain as Proconsul and afterwards obtain'd a Triumph in Rome for having subdu'd the Ceretani at the foot the Pyrenean Mountains in that part where Cerdania now stands New divisions hap'ned betwixt the Triumphirs part of the evil consequences whereof fell upon Spain Octavian being at Variance with Lepidus soon made himself Master of Africk which was his lot in the distribution of Provinces Marc Antony who had the Eastern Provinces thought much that Octavian should seize upon all without allowing him any share Hence sprang that War betwixt them which ended in the ruin of Antony and so consequently Octavian remain'd sole Lord of all the Roman Empire in the 28th year before the birth of Christ He took the Name Octavius in Memory of his Father and that of Caesar in Honour of his Unkle that of Augustus was given him by the Senate as to a Man sent from Heaven to Restore Peace to the World During this last War Bogud King of Mauritania came over into Spain in favour of Antony but was defeated and sustain'd great loss Not long after in the eighth Consulship of Augustus 25 Years before Christ the great road in Andaluzia that ran from Cordova to Ezija and thence to the Ocean was pav'd as appears by a Marble Column that is in the Monastery of St. Francis at Cordova on which is an inscription signifying it was set up in the eighth Consulship of Augustus and that from the Temple of Janus on Guadalquivir to the Ocean were reckoned 121 Miles This Temple is suppos'd to have stood in or near Cordova After this there ensued some Commotions among the Cantabri Asturiani and Vacei about Old Castile Statilius Taurus appeas'd them it is suppos'd as Lieutenent to Caius Norbanus who about this time Triumph'd over Spain About the same time the form of the Government of Spain was chang'd for instead of Pretors and Proconsuls it was under
of the Cross in sight of Rome vanquished his Enemy who flying over a Bridge of Boats he had made upon the River Tiber fell in and was Drowned Thus Rome was delivered from Tyranny and Constantine entred the City in Triumph that way where now stands the most beautiful Triumphal Arch erected in memory of this Victory At the same time ceased the cruel Persecution raised against the Christians by the Tyrant It was then also that Maximin in the East profusely spilt the Blood of Christians and so great was his desire of extirpating Christianity that he ordered throughout all the Provinces under his command Children should be taught to read in and get by heart a Book in which what passed betwixt Christ and Pontius Pilate was falsely and scandalously represented on purpose to make the sacred Name of our Saviour odious and contemptible It is true not long before his Death he Repealed all those Edicts not so much of his own Inclination as for fear of Constantine whose Power daily encreased also of Licinius by whom he had been lately overthrown in Battle Licinius soon changing his mind began to declare against the Christian Religion which drew Constantine upon him They came to a Battle first in Hungary where Licinius was vanquished but pardoned at the intercession of his Wife Constantia then again in Bithynia and being again defeated Constantine spared his Life yet reduced him to live as a private Person but because afterwards he endeavoured to Revolt caused him at last to be killed He was of such an extravagant Humour that he used to say Learning was the Poison of the Common-wealth and no wonder since he was so ignorant himself he could not write his Name Thus all Commotions and Broils being appeased as well at home as Abroad all the Empire was brought under one Head who so far favoured Christianity that it daily encreased and still flourished more and more The Emperor Constantine was Baptized in Rome and by vertue of the Baptism delivered of a Leprosie he languished under as some Authors will have it but the most received Opinion is that this must be understood of the Spiritual Leprosie of Paganism A beautiful Font in the Church of St. John Lateran of curious Workmanship and adorned with large Columns of Porphyry Stone is a Testimony of his being Baptized at Rome As soon as Baptized he began to Cultivate the Religion he had embraced building Churches in several places Enacting many Holy Laws and stirring up all People with his good example Great was the prosperity of the Christian Church But all this Glory suffered some Eclipse by the obstinacy of Arius of Alexandria who taught and maintained That Christ the Son of God and the eternal Word was not of the same Substance with his Father This was the Founder of the famous Sect and Heresie of the Arians The holy Martyr St. Lucianus was Master to Arius but not in this madness his fellow Disciples Friends and Assertors were the two Eusebii of Nicomedia and Caesarea Ambition was the principal Motive of his Fall being offended that after the Death of St. Peter Bishop of Alexandria Alexander was promoted to that See without any regard had of him From hence sprang that Division betwixt Christians which spread over almost all the World and seemed to threaten Destruction For many Men of Note as well of the Clergy as Laity followed the new Opinion without giving ear to the Advice and Persuasions of those that continued firm in the true Faith The Emperor was highly concerned at this Schism and sent Hosius Bishop of Cordova to Alexandria to compose those Differences as being the most famous Man of that Age for Learning Prudence and Authority He handled that Affair with much Circumspection and for the better reconciling the Matters in Dispute is said to have been the first that invented the words Ousia which signifies Essence or Being and Hypostasis which is the Suppositum or Person Nothing was of force to convince the obstinate Arius whereupon he was Banished Alexandria and afterwards being Summoned to appear at Constantinople he there going to ease himself voided his Entrails and so made a miserable end as St. Athanasius who lived at that time testifies The evil still encreasing and taking root the Emperor resolved to have recourse to the last Remedy which was to call a General Council Nicea a City in Bithynia was the place appointed by Constantine for the Bishops to meet and thither by his order repaired 318 from all Parts In this Council Arius and his Doctrine were Condemned Meletius was also deprived of his Bishoprick because he too hotly reproved the easiness of Peter Bishop of Alexandria in reconciling and admitting to the Church such as had fallen from the Faith and by this his Zealotry had bred Divisions in the Churches of Egypt There were great Disputes about the time of Celebrating the Feast of Easter that also was settled and ordered to be kept at one and the same time throughout the World The Eastern Clergy were grown very Loose and Disorderly in their Lives particularly in what related to living Chastly and it being thought hard to reduce them to the Rules observed before therefore by the Advice of Paphnucius the Fathers condescended to allow them to keep their Wives All Persons were forbid keeping the Books of Arius upon pain of Death the said Books were all ordered to be burnt Some say the manner of reckoning by Indictions was first brought up in this Council and that it commenced in the Year of Grace 313. because in that Year the Emperor Constantine saw the sign of the Cross in the Sky The Great Hosius was present at this Council and some will have it that he Presided in it for Pope Silvester together with the two Priests Vitus and Vincentius sent from Rome to that purpose At the same time or soon after was held in Spain the Council called Iliberitanum of the City Iliberis which stood in that part of the Province Betica where now is Granada as appears by a Gate of that City still called Elvira and a Hill near it of the same name They mistake who hold that this Council was held near the Pyreneans at Colibre then called Eliberis because the difference betwixt the Names of those two Cities still continues and no Bishop of France or the adjacent Country was present at this Synod except Valerius Bishop of Zaragoça This is one of the ancientest Synods and in which several weighty Matters were handled In it mention is made of Virgins consecrated to God The Bishops here dispensed with the Fasts of the Months of July and August a Custom before received in France tho' not in Spain where there was more need of it because of the great heat They forbid Married Women writing and receiving Letters without the knowledge of their Husbands and also the painting of Saints on the Walls of Churches that they might not be defaced by the decay of the
Foreign Enemies remov'd there hap'ned no War at least none of note The good Government of the King and Authority of the Bishops kept the Subjects from offering at any Revolt Chintila dy'd in the Year of our Lord 639. when he had Reign'd three Years eight Months and nine Days CHAP. IV. The Reigns of the Kings Tulga Chindasuinthus and Recesuinthus Several Synods of Toledo Increase of the Mahometan Power The Election and Coronation of King Wamba INstead of Chintila by the unanimous consent of the Nobility was chosen Tulga young in Years but old in Virtue particularly Justice Zeal for Religion Prudence Military Experience and Bounty towards the Needy a quality most requisite in Kings who ought to think they were intrusted with the Treasures of Kingdoms to relieve the wants of such as are in distress His Perfections seem'd still to be in their increase when Death cut him off at Toledo in the Year 641. when he had Reign'd only two Years and four Months Sigibertus Gemblacensis says Tulga was a debauch'd Youth and on that score Deposed by his own People but it is more reasonable to believe St. Ildefonsus who writes as an Eye Witness than a Stranger that either writ maliciously or was imposed upon After the Death of Tulga Flavius Chindasuinthus who being General of the Army was before in Rebellion against the King with the assistance of the Soldiery mounted the Throne none of the Nobility daring to oppose him that had all the standing Forces of the Kingdom on his side It must be granted that tho' he Usurp'd the Crown Tyrannically yet afterwards he Governed with great Moderation as if he design'd that way to make good his bad Title to it The first thing he did was to settle the Common-wealth by Establishing wholsome Laws and Ordinances for the better Administration of Justice and the publick Good In the 6th Year of his Reign he called together to Toledo all the Bishops in his Kingdom whereof 30 met on the 28th of October and this is counted the 7th Council of Toledo Before this time the King had Banish'd Theodiselus Archbishop of Sevil for that he sow'd scandalous Doctrines and to gain himself the greater Authority had corrupted the Works of his Predecessor St. Isidorus Theodiselus went over into Africk and there turn'd Mahometan so blind is Man when once he strays from the right way Those Authors that write in favour of the See of Toledo and particularly the Archbishop D. Rodrigo will have it that upon this occasion King Chindasuinthus made Toledo the Metropolitan See of all Spain whereas before Sevil had enjoy'd that preheminence but they have not the Testimony of any ancient Writers to confirm their Opinion and therefore we shall not lay much stress upon it About these times Theodorus and his Successor Martin I. Govern'd the Catholick Church Chindasuinthus being desirous to enrich Spain with good Books and Learning sent Tajus Bishop of Zaragoça to Rome to obtain of Theodorus then Pope St. Gregory's Books upon Job which are full of Allegories and excellent Morality and to bring them into Spain The King thought those Books would be useful to Propagate and Confirm the Catholick Religion and be a great Addition to the Ecclesiastical Library as believing now he had Peace on all sides nothing could add more to the Glory of his Kingdom than the increase of Religion and Learning Tajus having delivered his Embassy the Pope was very willing to oblige the King But those Books thro' the Ignorance and Negligence of the times were so hid among other Papers that it was hard to find them Much time was spent in searching and the Bishop seeing little hope of Success had recourse to God and spent the Night in Prayer begging of God not to suffer the good Intentions of the King to be frustrated He fail'd not of Success for that Night God revealed or as he says in a Letter St. Gregory appear'd to him and discover'd where those Books were Now it was that Fructuosus began to be famous in Spain he being of the Royal Blood of the Goths left the World to go live in a Desart and in time at his own Expence near Coplutica at the Foot of the Mountain Irago in the place now call'd Vierço built a Monastery of Monks of the Invocation of the Martyrs Justus and Pastor The King was assisting to him in building of this Monastery and afterwards the number of Monks being too great not far off in a rough and uncouth place Founded another Dedicated to St. Peter Fructuosus Founded a third Convent in the Island of Cadiz and a fourth on the Continent nine Leagues from the Coast besides many others as well of Men as Women This was the Posture of Affairs in Spain in the latter Years of Chindasuinthus at which time he to secure the Succession of the Crown he had obtained by force in his Family chose his Son Flavius Recesuinthus his Companion in the Throne in the Year of our Lord 648. after he had Reigned alone 6 Years 8 Months and 20 Days It is true he lived three Years after but that time is allotted to the Reign of his Son because by reason of his great Age he left the whole charge of the Government to him Chindasuinthus dyed at Toledo according to some of Sickness but as others will have it was poisoned His Body and that of his Wife Riciberga were buryed in the Monastery of S. Romanus now called de Hormisda betwixt Toro and Tordesillas on the Banks of the River Duero founded by himself for his place of Burial as was accordingly performed In the Reign of Recesuinthus Eugenius the Third was Archbishop of Toledo a Person of great Learning as appears by many of his works still extant and by some reckoned among the Number of Saints In his time and by his procurement 52 Bishops met at Toledo which is counted the eighth Council held in that City This was rather a Parliament than Synod all the Nobility of the Kingdom being present at it and signing to all the Decrees which rather respected the Temporal than Spiritual Power Two Years after by the King's Order there met 16 Bishops who Celebrated the 9th Council and published 17 Acts upon several Articles The following Year 656. 20 Bishops met again in the same City and this is reckoned the tenth Council of Toledo The Acts of all these Councils as also the Lives of St. Isidorus and St. Ildefonsus whereof F. Mariana here Treats at large I thought would not be so acceptable to most Readers nor so pertinent in this as the Ecclesiastical History which I do not pretend to write and have therefore purposely omitted them In the Year 660 Twelve Bishops of Portugal held a Synod at Merida and published 23 Decrees most relating to the Celebration of Divine Service At the same time the power of the Mahometans grew formidable in Africk for Abdalla Duke of Moabia
to Piety obtained a Grant of Pope Alexander II. by which the Monastery of St. John de la PenÌ„a and others in his Kingdom were exempted from the Jurisdiction of the Bishops This was done under colour that the Bishops thro' Covetousness took to themselves the Revenues of the Monasteries Certain it is in those times the Monks aspired after too much Liberty which made their Abbots obtain the Privilege of using the Miter and Crosier to betoken Episcopal Power by which means they cast off the subjection due to their Ordinaries The principal Vice the King himself was taxed with was Avarice for he made use of the Ecclesiastical Revenues and Treasures of the Churches This seemed excusable on account of the general Poverty and extraordinary Charges of continual Wars Besides that he obtain'd a Bull from Pope Gregory VII by which he had full Authority given him absolutely to dispose of the Tenths of all such Churches as were erected of new or regained from the Moors Nevertheless some Years before his Death in the Church of St. Victorian of Rhoda he publickly asked Pardon of that offence promising amendment Raymundus Dalmachius Bishop of that City was present to whom he caused Restitution to be made of all that had been taken from him The King never ceased infesting the Moors and was particularly bent against Abderhaman King of Huesca He had already possessed himself of all the neighbouring Towns and Fortify'd Montaragon that it might curb that City At length he sate down with his Army before it secured all the Avenues and placed his Head-quarters on a Hillock which ever since is called Poyo de Sancho The City was very strong and the chief Bulwark of the Moors Dominions on that side therefore the Siege was protracted there being no possibility of forcing it The Besieged sued to Alonso King of Castile for Relief Kings for the most part have more regard to their particular Interest than the publick Good It was scandalous openly to side with the Moors therefore he thought it a good expedient to Invade Navarre by the way of Biscay and so to give a diversion Count Sancho was sent to put this in Execution who being met by the Princes of Aragon D. Peter and D. Alonso sent by their Father to that purpose was oblig'd to turn back without effecting what he came foâ— Every day the Siege was streightned and King Sancho tir'd with lying there so long was viewing the Walls when finding a place he thought fit to be Attacked he lifted his Arm to show it to those that were with him and an Arrow shot from the Wall hit him under that Arm so that the Wound proved Mortal He dy'd on the 4th of June his Body was carried to Montaragon and deposited in the Church of Jesus of Nazareth which he had built Thence it was translated to S. John de la PenÌ„a where is to be seen the Tomb of his Queen Felicia who dy'd some time before Nevertheless his Sons as had been ordain'd by their Father continued the Siege resolving not to stir till they had destroy'd the City D. Peter whilst his Father was yet living called himself King of Ribagorça and Sobrarve and had by his Wife Berta or Agnes a Son of his own Name or as others will have it called Sancho This Peter inherited all his Father's Dominions D. Alonso had some Lands assigned him and the youngest Brother called D. Ramiro was a Monk The Siege of Huesca lasted no less than 6 Months others say above two Years At length the Besieged tired with want called to their aid Almoçaben King of Zaragoça D. Garcia Earl of Cabra and another great Man whose Name was D. Gonzalo for in those confused times it was held no shame for Christians to assist Infidels against Christians D. Gonzalo went not himself but a Body of Men sent by him and D. Garcia joyn'd the Moorish King who had raised a great Power and they marched together from Zaragoça Things being in this posture D. Garcia whether out of good will or deceitfully is not known advised the new King Peter to raise the Siege and hast home Honour and the Promise made to their Father at the hour of his Death prevailed with the Brothers Near the City is a large Plain called Alcoraz famous for this Battle where the Christians resolved to meet their Enemies The Night before the Fight the King in a Vision saw a more than Humane Person that assured him of the Victory Prince Alonso led the Van the King brought up the Rear the main Body was under the Conduct of two famous Commanders Lisana and Bacalla Men of known Valour and Worth The Horse were placed in the Front and began the Battle then the Foot fell in the numbers of Infidels filled all the neighbouring Fields Both Bodies being come to close the Fight was desperately maintained Nothing could be heard but dying groans acclamations of those that fought and the noise of Arms. Night put an end to the Battle without deciding which side had the better Our side had the advantage in Valour and Conduct the Enemy in number All Night the Christians stood to their Arms Morning discovered the Moors and their King Almozaben retired with all speed to Zaragoça Being closly pursu'd 4000 of them were put to the Sword Scarce 1000 Christians were lost and none of Note D. Garcia was taken the Booty was great and all the Fields were covered with Weapons Blood and Dead Bodies Some say S. George was seen fighting and by his help the Victory was obtained Others affirm that a Gentleman of the Family of 〈…〉 who at that time was in the Holy Land appeared a Horse-back in this Fight It is 〈…〉 â—â—crease the fame of a Victory to feign Miracles Authors agree That from 〈…〉 Arms of the Kings of Aragon were Argent a Cross the colour is not named 〈…〉 the 4 Quarters of the Escutcheon being the Heads of as many Kings or Generâ—◠〈…〉 Battle which was fought on the 18th of November and the 9th day after 〈…〉 having lost all hopes of Relief was Surrendred On the 17th of December 〈…〉 great Mosque was Consecrated In the Field of Battle the King built a Church o◠〈…〉 â—â—cation of St. George At the same time the Cathedral of Pamplona was Founded some Fooâ— steps whereof are still to be seen It was ordained That the Canons should observe the Rule of S. Augustin CHAP. III. Great Preparations thro' Christendom for the Holy War Valencia taken by Roderick de Bivar Other Actions of his suspected to be Fabulous His Death and that of Joseph the Moorish Monarch WHilst these things hap'ned in Spain all the rest of Christendom sounded of nothing but Preparations for the Holy War Pope Vrban at the General Council he held at Clermont in France and by his Legates at the Courts of all Christian Princes stirred them up to undertake this Religious Work Many Bishops Princes and Men of Note
Sol to D. Peter Son to the King of Aragon of the same Name both which sent to demand them in Marriage D. Ramiro had by D. Elvira Garci Ramirez who was afterwards King of Navarre D. Peter dy'd before his Father and left no Issue Two several times King Bucar who came out of Africk was overthrown in sight of Valencia by Roderick Diaz and his Forces who kept that City as long as he lived which was five Years after the taking of it He was near his Death when the same Bucar came again before the City and perceiving it could not be maintained after his Death ordered in his Will that they should all in a Body quit the place and return to Castile The Moors believing it was a powerful Army that designed to give them Battle drew off Those Christians marched without ceasing till they came to Castile and Valencia being left without any Garison fell again into the hands of the Moors They that came from Valencia brought with them the Body of Roderick Diaz which was Bury'd with great Magnificence in the Monastery of S. Peter of Carden̄a near Burgos K. Alonso and Roderick Diaz's two Sons-in-law being present Many look upon most of this Relation as Fabulous and I write more than I believe because I would not wholly omit what others affirm In the Church of S. Peter of Carden̄a are to be seen five Tombs that of Roderick Diaz that of his Wife and those of his Son and Daughters Perhaps they are only empty Monuments such as are called Cenotaphia erected in Honour of such People The Death of Roderick Diaz de Bivar was a great loss to the Christians for his extraordinary Valour Conduct and Prosperity Authors do not agree about the Year in which it hap'ned the most likely Opinion is that it was in the Year of our Lord 1093. About this time Pope Vrban translated the Bishoprick of Iria to Compostella at the request of Dalmachius who was the first Bishop of that City and made it independant of the See of Braga King Alonso tho' very ancient never neglected the Affairs of War but made several Incursions into Andaluzia which was the more easie to be done for that Joseph the Moor was returned into Africk This gave the Christians some time of breathing which the King made use of to encrease the Religious Worship He built a Monastery of Benedictines at Toledo of the Invocation of S. Servandus and S. German others say he only repaired it Besides he erected two Monasteries of Nuns the one Dedicated to S. Peter the other to S. Dominick of Silos At Burgos without the Walls he Founded another Convent now called S. John of Burgos The Year following which was 1099. was remarkable for the Death of Pope Vrban and the taking of Jerusalem by the Christians Cardinal Raynerius who had been Legate in Spain a Person of great Worth and Experience succeeded Vrban by the Name of Pasqualis II. He in the time of his Papacy granted a Privilege to the Church of S James the Apostle that after the manner of the Church of Rome it might have seven Canons Cardinals and that the Bishops of that See might use the Pall an Ornament betokening greater Authority than that of common Bishops The next ensuing Year which was 1100. proved no less pleasing to the Christians by reason of the Death of Joseph who was Sovereign of all the Moors in Spain during the space of 12 Years and of those in Africk about 32 than it was at last unfortunate for the untimely end of D. Sancho Prince of Castile which will be seen in the next Chapter CHAP. IV. The Death of Sancho Prince of Castile and of the two Kings Peter the first of Aragon and Alonso VI. of Castile The Moorish King of Zaragoza Of two Holy Men. D. Garcia Earl of Cabra was Tutor to D. Sancho King Alonso's Son and the Heir Apparent of the Crown but Death snatched him away and with him the great hopes had been conceived of his Virtues Hali Successor to Joseph desiring to Commence his Reign with some memorable Action passed over into Spain with a powerful Army and having encreased it there entred the Kingdom of Toledo wasting all the Country till he came in sight of the City King Alonso by reason of his great Age and Sickness could not go out in Person to oppose him He gave the command of his Army to the Earl D. Garcia and for the greater Honour sent his Son D. Sancho tho' very young with him Near Veles the two Armies met and engaged In the heat of the Fight the Prince was struck down D. Garcia covered him with his Shield and with his Sword kept off the Moors that assailed him on all sides Long he kept them at a distance till being weakned by many wounds he fell down dead upon him he defended This disaster made the Infidels Victorious It is needless to relate how grievous this loss was to the King he asked what might be the reason of being so often overthrown by the Moors and a wise Man answered That the Soldiers were debauched with Ease and Luxury which made them unfit for Service Hereupon the King ordered all incentives of Luxury to be taken away and among the rest caused the Baths then much used in Spain after the manner of the Moors to be destroy'd Some hope remained in D. Alonso the King's Grandchild by D. Vrraca his Daughter but he was very Young and a Womans Government seem'd not seasonable The continual good Fortune of the King of Aragon diminished the Joy of the Moors for their success in Castile Of late the Infidels went down the wind in Aragon for the Christians had taken from them the Castle of Calasanz the Town of Pertusa on the River Canadre and the City Barbastro whither the Bishoprick of Rhoda was Translated Now the Aragonians bent all their Strength against the City Zaragoça which the Almoravides had possessed themselves of having expelled the ancient Kings These that follow were the Kings that had Reigned in that City The first was Mudir then Hiaya next Almudafar after him began another Race in Zulema to whom succeeded Hamas then Joseph then Almazazin then Abdelmelich and then Hamas Sirnamed Almuçacayto whom the Almoravides deprived of the Kingdom At this time in France Atho who after the Death of Raymund Earl of Barcelona Father of Arnaldus had Usurped the Sovereignty of the City Carcassonne where he had been Governour was expelled the place by the Inhabitants and it restored to its Lawful Prince in the Year 1102. This same Year Armengaud Earl of Vrgel was slain by the Moors in the Island of Majorca whither he went to show his Valour and was therefore called Balearicus Armengaud was Marry'd to a Daughter of Peranzules a great Man in Castile and Lord of Valladolid By her he left a young Son during whose Minority the Grandfather governed and
her Husband to succeed in the Government as being a Woman of a Manly Spirit and in great power for that when she returned to Castile her Father gave her the Towns of Valladolid Munon Curiel and Santistevan de Gormaz This Lady not only bore this great Burden but out of her own Revenue supply'd the wants of the Crown Her Vertues can never be too much extoll'd her Prudence Devotion Justice and Care of the Government were not to be parallell'd Yet multitude of Business and the love of Retirement made her uneasie Some who make their own ends by diving into the Affections of Princes soon discovered this failing Particularly the three Brothers of the Family of Lara Alvaro Ferdinand and Gonzalo Sons to D. Nun̄o Earl of Lara who being used to Rule would not let slip this opportunity of seizing upon the Government They valued not the King as being an Infant nor his Sister because she was a Woman Their resolution was to compass their ends tho' the means were never so foul Two things concurred towards forwarding their purposes One was that a private Man called Garci Lorenço a Native of Plasencia had great Interest with the Lady Berengaria He being a subtle Fellow they promis'd him the Town of Tablada which he much coveted as a Reward of his good Service in case he forwarded their Project The other was the absence of Roderick Archbishop of Toledo who only by his Prudence and Authority was able to disappoint all these Contrivances He was gone to Rome to be present at the Lateran Council assembled by Pope Innocent Thither resorted 412 Prelates 71 of which were Archbishops besides the Patriarchs of Jerusalem and Constantinople Those of Antioch and Alexandria came not themselves but sent their Deputies The number of other Priests is not to be reckon'd Many matters of great moment were handled in this Council but the chief were the renewing the War in the Holy-Land and quieting France then embroil'd by the Hereticks This Council was open'd in the Month of November and in the Church of S. John Lateran Among all the Prelates Roderick Archbishop of Toledo signaliz'd himself making a Latin Speech so set off with variety of other Languages that the Fathers in admiration said The like had not been heard since the time of the Apostles Here the Jurisdiction of the Church of Toledo was debated for that the Archbishops of Taragona Braga Santiago and Narbonne would not acknowledge its Supreme Authority On the behalf of Toledo were produced Bulls of former Popes their Determinations Decrees of Councils and many Arguments deduc'd from Antiquity Much also was said by the other Party but the case was left undetermin'd because some of the Parties concern'd were absent and it was fit they should be heard Yet the Pope granted to Roderick the Archbishop the Legantine Power for ten years and also that in case the City Sevil were taken from the Moors as was hop'd by reason of the small Power of the Almohades it should be subject to the Archbishop of Toledo as its Primate and no Appeal to lye from this Decree Besides he gave him power to Legitimate 300 Bastards and to place Bishops in all such Towns as should be taken from the Moors The Archbishop gain'd great Reputation in that Council not only for his knowledge in many Languages but for his extraordinary Learning not usual in that Age. He writ the History of Spain another of the Moors and a Treatise of the Jurisdiction of his Church of Toledo Touching the Holy-War it was decreed that all Church-men should contribute towards it part of their Revenues With this Subsidy Recruits were sent over and the Town of Damiata in Aegypt taken As to the Affairs of France the two Raymund's Father and Son Earl's of Toulouze appear'd in the Council against Simon of Montfort who had despoil'd them of their Dominions The Result was that they were Condemned as Hereticks and Toulouze with all other places he had taken adjudg'd to Simon of Montfort Whereupon Montfort did Homage to the King of France for those places and setled an Alliance with him Yet not relying on the Fidelity of those People he caused Toulouze Carcassonne and Narbonne to be dismantled which together with the heavy Taxes he laid on the Subjects rendred him so odious that many Towns along the River Rhosne revolted from him to Raymund the younger and not long after he lost the City of Toulouze Notwithstanding the Decree of the Council many Nobles of France assisted the abandon'd Princes yet Simon of Montfort had regain'd Toulouze but that he was unfortunately kill'd before it by a Stone shot from an Engine A Man worthy of a longer life for his Valour and Zeal for Religion He left two Sons Aymerick and Simon Aymerick upon the Death of his Father raised the Siege and dispairing of being able to withstand all those Princes that joyn'd against him resign'd his Right to all those Towns to the King of France who in return made him Lord High-Constable These things fell out three years later than this time Let us return to the place whence we digress'd CHAP. IV. The Family of Lara take the Government of Castile into their Hands they commit many insolencies and oppress the Nobility Young King Henry Marry'd and divorc'd The King of Aragon escapes from his Keepers THE Family of Lara ceased not to Solicite Garci Lorenço as was said before and he tempted with their promises undertook to bring about their desires He only waited a fit opportunity and at length having found one when the Queen Regent little thought of any such contrivance he told her The burden of the Government was too weighty for a Woman's Shoulders and withal exaggerated the difficulties of pleasing where Interests were so different and affections so various The Queen who coveted nothing more than her ease ask'd on whom she might repose that great trust of ruling the Kingdom and breeding up the King Then he reply'd none in the Kingdom so fit as the Family of Lara being the most powerful and therefore best able to awe such as should aim at any commotions This advice was approved by the Queen who thereupon assembling the Prelates and Nobles ask'd their advice and they either not understanding the drift or being before secur'd or else hating the Government of a Woman agreed that the Queen should resign the Government to the Three Brothers of the Family of Lara Roderick the Archbishop returning at this time from Rome lik'd not these proceedings but the thing was too far gone to be recalled All he could do was to oblige those Brothers to take an Oath that they would in all things study the interest of the People and Crown that they would give no Commands without the Queen's Approbation that they would not make War nor impose new Taxes and in fine that they would bear the respect due to the Queen as the Daughter Sister and Wife of King's This seemed
Africk 600000 Foot and 70000 Horse a wonderful Number if true But Fame for the most part â—â—ceeds Truth It was impossible for such a handful to oppose that Multitude yet they behave themselves with much bravery intrench'd their Camp and were beset on all sides Nothing but Despair appear'd in their looks They would have fled but the Field was cover'd with Enemies They offer'd to Capitulate but were answer'd no Articles should be allow'd unless they would deliver up Ceuta and so quit Africk These were hard Terms and not in their Power to grant yet to save their Lives they condescended deliver'd up Prince Ferdinand the General and several Persons of Quality as Hostages The rest in a miserable Condition went away to Ceuta and thence at the end of the Year to Portugal A great Council was held at Ebora to consider of the Articles made in Africk and it was unanimously agreed they ought not to be perform'd being made without the King's Knowledge or Consent and therefore no way obliging him Prince Ferdinand remain'd in perpetual slavery and suffer'd great Hardships His Tomb is to be seen at Fez standing on a very high Place as a Trophy of the Victory gain'd CHAP. VIII The State of Spain and of the Catholick Church under great apprehensions of Troubles Actions of the Aragonians at Naples King Edward of Portugal dies The Rebellion in Castile SPain was now under great Apprehensions of new Troubles the Nobility of Castile being incens'd against the King for the unjust Imprisonment as they term'd it of Peter Manrique Among the Clergy was no less Contention because Pope Eugenius labour'd to dissolve the Council of Basil which was only a Design to lessen the Authority of General Councils because they alone were a check upon Popes Yet he desisted being warn'd so to do by the Emperor Sigismand and Cardinal Cesarinus his own Legate The Bishops at Basil summon'd the Pope to appear there in Person and he refusing to obey threaten'd to depose him The Christian Princes agreed not what was best to be done but Sigismund the Emperor fearing a Schism tho he lov'd not the Pope oppos'd the deposing of him His Authority soon ceas'd for he dy'd on the 9th of December His Son in Law Albertus Duke of Austria then King of the Romans succeeded him and was crown'd on the first of January 1438. This year at Maderuelo a Town in Old Castile belonging to D. Alvaro de Luna there fell Stones as big as small Cushions which yet did no great harm being very light John de Agreda carry'd some of them to Roa where the King then was About the same time Huelma a strong Town and well Garrison'd was taken from the Moors by InÌ„igo Lopez de Mendoça Lord of Hita who then commanded on the Frontiers about Jà en Soon after Roderick Perea Lieutenant of Cagorla making an Incursion with 1400 Men was kill'd and of all his Party only 20 escap'd the Enemy being very numerous and yet bought not this Victory cheap for many of them were slain and among them the Governour of Granada The King of Aragon being offended at Pope Eugenius favour'd the Fathers at Basil and the more now because John Vitelesco Patriarch of Alexandria with Forces of the Popes enter'd the Kingdom of Naples which gave many of the Natives occasion to change their Affections Particularly the Prince of Taranto and Earl of Caserta Men of little Faith went over to the Pope On the other side Antony Colonna was reconcil'd to the King of Aragon being put in hope he should be restor'd to the Principality of Salerno The Patriarch was overthrown by the Aragonians and drove out of the Kingdom of Naples The Nobility was soon reduc'd At the same time Renee Duke of Anjou having been Ransom'd arriv'd with his Fleet at Naples on the 19th of May. His Arrival produc'd no great effect because he brought no Mony to defray the Charge of the War-Yeâ—â—â— several places it broke out anew and chiefly in Abruzzo where James Caldora a renowned Captain supported the Interest of Anjou Renee to gain Reputation challeng'd the King of Aragon and sent him his Gauntlet the Aragonian accepted the Challenge but it came to nothing for they could never agree upon the Time and Place At Bourges the King of France by Proclamation approv'd all the Acts of the Council of Basil whereupon Pope Eugenius order'd the Council to remove to Ferrara in Italy Cesarinus the Legate and 5 other Cardinals immediately repair'd to that City It was given out that the Cause of removing the Council was to unite the Eastern and Western Churches the Emperor John Palcologus and the 〈◊〉 of Constantinople being come into Italy to that purpose From Ferrara the Council remov'd to Florence the Plague being in the other City Here the Affair of the Union was long debated to little purpose The Fathers at Basil would have the Greeks go thither but they refus'd For this reason and because the Pope had dissolv'd that Assembly they grew into Heats and began to assume more than belong'd to them In Italy whilst Renee was busy reducing some Castles in Abruzzo the King of Aragon resolv'd to besiege Naples then weak because most of the Youth had follow'd Renee and Provisions were scarce In the Aragonian Army there were 15000 Men and the Fleet consisted of 4 Galleys 7 great Ships and many small Vessels fit to hinder any Supplies from coming to the City With this Force he lay'd Siege to Naples on the 22d of September He fortify'd his Camp and prepar'd all things to give an Assault when an unexpected Misfortune overthrew all his Designs On the 23d of October Prince Peter going out to view the City was kill'd by a Cannon Ball from the Church of the Carmelites The Ball rebounded 3 times and at the 4th dash'd his Head to pieces His Body was carry'd to the Church of St. Mary Magdalen where the King came and wept over him He dy'd in the prime of his Age being but 27 years Old a Batchelor and had gain'd Honour in War His Body was deposited in the Castle del Ovo The Soldiers took his Death as an ill Omen and believ'd it the more because the Rains hinder'd carrying on the Siege which was rais'd and the Army retir'd to Capua John Vintemilla Marques of Girachi who had been sent to meet Renee then marching to the Relief of Naples falling upon him unexpectedly in the Valley Gardano took many Prisoners and forc'd him to return towards Nola. This done Vintemilla return'd to the Siege of Naples King Alonso intending to take the Field as soon as the Season would permit sent for his other two Brothers out of Spain He was so bent upon the Conquest of Naples that he seem'd not to regard the Kingdom left him by his Father which was now infested by a Body of French who being us'd to live upon plunder under the command of Alexander de Bourbon Bastard Son to John
This done he went to Florence to see Pope Eugenius and thence into France After his departure Abruzzo Apulia and all other Places submitted to the Aragonians and thus Italy was in part pacify'd In Spain the Troubles did not cease the Nobility slighting the Government D. Luis de Guzman Master of Calatrava lay desperately Sick and was given over John Ramiroz de Guzman Chief Commendary of that Order and Ferdinand de Padilla the Master's Deputy contended who should succeed him The latter had secur'd the Votes of the Chapter that was to Elect. Therefore D. John resolv'd to obtain that Dignity by Force securing the Towns that belong'd to that Order D. Ferdinand with 400 Horse met him at Barajas defeated and took him Prisoner with his Son and two Brothers and by that means obtain'd the Mastership which yet he enjoy'd not long For the King design'd that Dignity for Alonso Bastard Son to the King of Navarre who Besieg'd Calatrava There the New Master was unluckily kill'd by a Stone one of his own Men was throwing at the Enemy After his Death D. Alonso was made Master of the Order In Biscay Tumults were rais'd upon two accounts One was that certain Societies that had been confirmed by the King fell upon the Estates of the Nobility Among the rest Peter de Ayala was Besieg'd in his Town of Salvatierra and reliev'd by his Cousin the Earl of Haro who having receiv'd a Letter in which he begg'd his Assistance swore he would not enter into a House till he had reliev'd him Another cause of these Troubles was the wicked Heresy of the Fratricelli newly started at Durango Many were put to the Wrack upon that account and others Burnt Alonso Mela a Franciscan Fryar the Ring-leader of them fled to Granada with several young Wenches where they liv'd lewdly among the Moors but at last he was put to Death by them This Man had a Brother call'd John Mela then Bishop of Zamora and afterwards a Cardinal In Portugal about the end of October dy'd Prince John the King's Uncle aged 43 years He was Constable and Master of Santiago By his Wife the Lady Elizabeth Daughter to his Brother D. Alonso Duke of Bragança he left a Son called James who inherited his Honours and Three Daughters Elizabeth Beatrix and Philippa from whom sprang great Princes D. Alvaro de Luna resided at Escalona and contriv'd to regain his former Power His Brother the Archbishop of Toledo dy'd at Talavera on the 4th of February which was a great Loss to him There only remain'd D. Roderick de Luna his second Cousin whom afterwards he promoted to the Archbishoprick of Santiago In that Confusion of times every noble Man seized upon what he could get and among them Peter Xuarez secur'd Talavera scarce admitting the King who came to quel those Disorders The Archbishop was bury'd in a beautiful Chappel of the Cathedral built by D. Alvaro After much Contention D. Gutierre de Toledo Archbishop of Sevil was promoted to the See of Toledo He was a Man too upright for those times and enjoy'd that Dignity but three Years The Bishop of Oviedo was Translated to Sevil he of Orense to Oviedo To conclude the Bishoprick of Orense was given in Commendam to John de Torquemada a Dominican afterwards Cardinal of S. Sixtus a Person of great Learning as appears by his Works His Contemporary was Alonso Tostado born at Madrigal renowned for his many Writings He came in process of time to be Bishop of Avila At Siena in Tuscany he put up several Propositions in Divinity offering to defend them in the Schools Some of them were dislik'd and the Cardinal Torquemada writ against him Tostado answered him not sparing the Pope's Authority to defend his Opinions He dy'd on the 3d of September 1455. The End of the One and Twentieth Book THE History of SPAIN The Two and Twentieth BOOK CHAP. I. The Success of the Aragonians in Italy The Rebellion in Castile The Death of the Queens of Portugal and Castile The Battle of Olmedo and Death of Prince Henry of Aragon THE Affairs of the Spaniards succeeded better in Italy than in Spain There was no great Difference betwixt the Castilians and Aragonians but their Fortune was different according to the Quality of them that govern'd The King of Aragon was an active and ambitious Prince and spar'd no Labour to advance his Glory Besides his Goodness and Bounty gain'd him the Affections of all his Subjects as well Italians as Aragonians In Castile the Power of D. Alvaro continu'd tho his Person was remov'd The King of Navarre endeavour'd net to redress what was amiss but to make himself Master of the King who always left the Government to another The King of Castile had some good Qualities but the bad were more prevalent He was addicted to Poetry and Musick and had a Genius that way lov'd Hunting and Sports but could not endure Business and therefore gave little attention to it and answer'd short His first Minister did what he would in his Name The King of Aragon having taken Naples and subdu'd all the Faction of Anjou on the 26th of February 1443 entred that City in Triumph after the manner of the antient Romans on a Chariot drawn by 4 White Horses another of the same sort being led before him All the Nobility and Gentry of the Kingdom follow'd the Chariot afoot and the Clergy went before singing Praises to Almighty God The People with loud Acclamations wished him a long and happy Reign He would not be crown'd saying That Honour was due to the Saints who assisted him to gain the Victory All the Streets were strew'd with Flowers and richly hung and all Places full of sweet Odours It only remain'd to gain Pope Eugenius with whom a Treaty was set afoot at Siena where he then was On the 15th of July they agreed upon these Articles That the Kingdom of Naples should remain to the King of Aragon and after him to his Son Ferdinand whom tho Illegitimate he appointed his Heir as to that Crown only That the King of Aragon should pay yearly to the Pope 8000 Ounces a sort of Coin then in use That he should endeavour to quel Francis Sforcia who proud that he had marry'd the Duke of Milan's Daughter had gain'd a great part of Marca Ancona The King perform'd more than he had promis'd for he in Person recover'd all Sforcia had taken in Marca Ancona and restor'd it to the Pope Peace was also concluded with the Genoeses they promising every Year whilst the King liv'd to present him with a great Bason of Gold But because this Act was perform'd in the sight of the People as a memorial of his Victory they continu'd it but 4 Years In Castile the King of Navarre using immoderately the Power he had unjustly acquir'd enjoy'd it but a short time He kept the King of Castile Prisoner placing People to watch his Words and Actions The Admiral and
to secure Prince Charles in the Succession all Places of Strength should be put into the Emperor's hands That some Children of the Nobility should be sent to Flanders to he bred with Prince Charles and Security given that none should suffer for having taken part with King Philip. That the Investiture of Naples should be obtained in such manner as might not be prejudicial to Prince Charles The Catholick King not approving of these Conditions prepared to depart notwithstanding the Emperor required him not to stir till all differences were agreed Nevertheless King Ferdinand being resolved to return to Spain sent Bernard Dezpuch Master of Montesa Antony Augustino and Hierome Vic his Ambassadors to do Homage to the Pope which was done on the 30th of April and at the same time an offer made of all the King's Forces for the Service of the Church The Pope was well pleased and in Token of his Affection sent the golden Rose that is blessed on Christmas Night to the King He also offered the Great Captain to make him General of the Forces of the Church which Employment the Venetians also offered him in their Service but the King prevented him from accepting either by promising again to make him Master of the Order of Santiago That it might not be thought an empty Promise the King had given Orders to his Ambassador Antony Augustino to obtain leave of the Pope to resign that Dignity into the hands of the Archbishops of Toledo and Sevil and the Bishop of Palencia that with the Pope's Commission they might confer it upon the Great Captain The Pope was willing the Great Captain should have that Dignity but would not agree to the Commission as a lessening of his own Authority Hereupon the business was delayed which made it all to be looked upon as an Artifice of the King 's to draw the great Captain out of Italy He was then Duke of Sessa and Terranova and Constable of Naples King Ferdinand being desirous to alter the late Capitulation with France touching the Inheritance of the Kingdom of Naples in case Queen Germana had no Issue promised to assist the Cardinal d' Amboise towards obtaining the Papacy if he would prevail with the King of France to quit his pretensions to that Crown It was indeed but reasonable since the King of France obstructed the Marriage of Prince Charles with his Daughter Claudia and thereby cut him off the Inheritance of Britany and Milan that he should make him amends by quitting all Claim to Naples The King of France would not hearken to this being offended the Nobility at Naples had taken the Oath of Fidelity to Queen Joanna without making mention of Queen Germana contrary to the express Articles sworn to by the Catholick King It was very requisite the Catholick King should hasten his Return to Spain but the Affairs of Naples detained him He pressed the Pope to grant him the Investiture of Naples which the Pope at last was willing to grant upon condition he would recover for him the Cities of Faença and Arimino taken by the Venetians This being a thing could not be presently done the King resolved to depart To oblige the great Captain the more he caused a publick Instrument to be made in vindication of his Loyalty Copies whereof were sent to all Princes John de Lanuça Viceroy of Sicily was come to Naples him he resolved to leave with the same character in that Kingdom But both he and his Son dying before the King embarqued he gave that Command to his Nephew D. John de Aragon Earl of Ribagorça and sent D. Raymund de Cardona to Sicily with the Title of Lievtenant General The Viceroy was commanded not to disoblige the Coloneses and Ursini and Bartholomew de Albiano having submitted himself to the King was restored to his Estate Besides the ordinary Forces 200 Gentlemen were appointed to do Duty at Court and 150 Duccats pay allowed each of them Philip Ferreras was sent Ambassadour to Venice to assure that State which was jealous of the Kings designs All things being thus ordered the King set fail on the 4th of June with 16 Galleys Eight days before the Ships set out under the Command of the Earl Peter Navarro At this time the Kingdom of Portugal was in a most flourishing condition and famous throughout the World for the valour and prudence of its King On the 5th of June the Queen was deliver'd at Lisbon of a Son called Ferdinand who died in the flower of his Age. Some Noblemen of Castile and particularly the Marquess de Villena would have committed the Government of Castile to the King of Portugal to exclude King Ferdinand He thought not good to hazard any thing upon the promises of so few tho at the same time he was willing to have had a hand in the Government of Castile that he might marry his Children to those of Queen Joanna and make use of the Forces of that Crown for advancing his Conquests in India and Africk or at least have conveyed that Power to the Emperour The King of Navarre also offered the Emperour passage through his Kingdom being jealous if the Catholick King grew so powerful he would never desist till he had deprived him of his Crown The Nobility of the Emperor's Faction pressed him to come over and it is certain he had possitively resolved to take a journey into Spain CHAP. IV. The King of France enters Italy with an Army to reduce Genoa has an Interview with King Ferdinand who returns to Castile The Spaniards defeated in Africk The Emperor offended at King Ferdinand The King of France was now in Italy whither he came with a great Army to reduce the Genoeses who had mutiny'd against the Nobility beaten down the French Arms and chosen for their Duke one Paul de Nobe a Silk-Dyer It was agreed that as the Catholick King returned to Spain he should meet the King of France at Savona Bad Weather detained the Galleys some time at Gaeta and upon the Coast of Rome and Tuscany On the 26th of June the Catholick King came to Genoa where Gaston de Foix Lord of Narbonne his Nephew and Brother-in-law went out to meet him with 4 Galleys The King of France being before at Savona met the Catholick King upon the shoar and having embrac'd him they went together under a Canopy to the Castle where they were to be entertained King Ferdinand on the right hand the King of France on the left and the Queen in the middle The more to honour them the King of France went to lodge in the Bishop's House On S. Peter's Day they heard Mass together the Nobility of both Kingdoms vying in costly Apparel That night the Queen supped with the King of France her Unkle and the two Cardinals of S. Praxedes and d' Amboise with King Ferdinand Next night the two Kings and Queens supped together and with them the great Captain at the Request of the King of France who spoke
these as hard Conditions and being of a haughty Spirit would have no Body Capitulate with him but submit to his Will The Catholick King seeing there was no Expedient to prevent that mighty Breach resolved to declare for the Pope In order to it he altered his Design of going over himself into Africk and sent home 1000 English Archers the King of England had furnished for that Expedition They arrived at Cadiz in June where he Rewarded and Dismissed them well satisfied Moreover he articled with that King that in case the King of France would not Restore Bolonia to the Pope and desist from calling a general Council then the Catholick King should assist the Pope and the King of England should make War in Guiene to prevent the French invading the Frontiers of Spain This done King Ferdinand went away from Sevil to Burgos From Guadalupe he sent Orders to Count Peter Navarro to go with the Forces he had to Naples where D. Raimund de Cardona the Viceroy under pretence of the War in Africk had all the Horse in the Kingdom in a readiness It was ordered that Tripoli should be annexed to the Crown of Sicily that the Viceroys might thence Relieve and Defend it D. Jayme de Requesens was sent Governour thither with a good Fleet. This was done because the King designed James de Vera the former Governor to be General of his Artillery D. Jayme enjoyed that Command but a short time for a mutiny happening among the Soldiers of that Garrison the Viceroy of Sicily Removed them and their Governor and sent his own Brother William de Moncada to succeed him in that Post The Catholick King laboured by all means to withdraw the Emperor from his Ingagements with the King of France To this purpose he sent Peter de Urrea to him who was to succeed D. Jayme de Conchillos Bishop of the Canaries as Ambassador at that Court The Emperor being a Man of a various Temper could be brought to no Resolution At last he agreed to send an Ambassador to the Pope and D. Peter de Urrea to Venice that they might conclude some Accord The Pope in the Name of that Republick offered that the Emperor should retain Verona and Vincenza and the Venetians all other Places that he pretended to yet so that they should pay down 250000 Ducats for the Investiture and a Pension of 30000 yearly All other Differences he would have referred to himself and the Catholick King to be by them Terminated These were advantageous proposals yet rejected by the Emperor Nor did Peter de Urreas journey produce any good Effect for the Venetians perceived by what was working that all Italy would soon be in confusion which would give them a time to Breath and perhaps to recover their Losses The Emperor and Princess Margaret made application to the Catholick King for Supplies either of Men or Money against the Duke of Guelders who countenanced by the French Infested Flanders and took some Towns there being no body to oppose him But the Catholick King was so intent upon Italy that he regarded nothing else and the Emperor himself thought fit to connive at it rather than break with France The End of the 29th BOOK The History of SPAIN BOOK XXX CHAP. I. Affairs of India The Pope Summons a Council to meet at S. John Lateran The League betwixt the Pope King of Aragon and the Venetians The War in Italy THIS Summer the Affairs of the Portugueses advanced gloriously in India throug the Valour and Conduct of Alonso de Albuquerque King Emanuel of Portugal understanding some Years before that beyond Goa and Calicut was the famous City Malaca a place of great Trade he ordered James Lopez de Sequeira who sailed from Lisbon 3 Years before this with 5 Ships to discover that Place With him went Garcia de Sousa and Ferdinand de Magallanes He first discovered the Island Sumatra opposite to Malaca under the Equinoctial It is very large and fruitful divided into many Kingdoms and Inhabited by Moors and Gentiles He Traded with those People and then sailed to Malaca a large and rich City having a mighty Trade Formerly it was subject to the King of Siam at this time had a King of its own called Mahomet With this King Sequeira Treated and they settled an Alliance Sequeira sent Roderick Aroas ashore with certain Portugueses to settle a Factory The Moors being jealous of the Portugueses attempted to seize the Ships and being disappointed seized the Men that were in the City Those at Sea were not strong enough to revenge that wrong they hoised Sail and having touched at Cochin Returned to Portugal with what Loading they could get Alonso de Albuquerque then Governor of India resolved to revenge this Injury He gathered a Fleet and sailed to Sumatra and thence to Malaca By the way he took a Ship which his Men having entred there arose such a Flame they were forced to quit her afterwards it appeared that Flame was Artificial and did no harm Soon after they discovered another Sail which after a vigorous resistance they also made themselves Masters of It was observed that the Captain of her called Nahodabeguia tho' he had many large wounds did not bleed He being stripped and a Gold Bracelet taken from him the blood presently gushed out It was found that in the Bracelet was set a Stone which in the Kingdom of Siam is taken out of certain Creatures called Cabrissas and has wonderful Virtue to stanch Blood The Fleet arrived at Malaca on the first of July After a vigorous Resistance made by the Inhabitants the City submitted to the King of Portugal Thus Christianity was disfused into the utmost limits of the Earth In Italy the Authority of the See Apostolick was much impaired by reason of the Schism that was like to be The Pope leaving the War Returned to Rome and there to oppose the Designs of the Schismatick Cardinals summoned a General Council to meet in the Church of S. John Lateran on the 19th of April of the following Year In that Council among other things he proposed to declare that the present Queen of France was not lawful Wife to that King and that the Provinces of Normandy and Guiene belonged to the King of England the People thereof being consequently absolved of their Oath of Allegiance taken to the French King This was in order to strike a Terror into that King He hereupon began to give Ear to a Peace with the Venetians but at last thought better to stick to the Council of Pisa which the Emperor desired should be removed to Verona or Trent The French King who influenced this Affair would not consent but hastened the Cardinals to open the Council at Pisa but they delayed and proposed to be reconciled to the Pope At Rome the Pope deprived the four Cardinals Carvajal Cosenza S. Malo and Bayzeux of all their Dignities tho' at first the College opposed it and some excused them affirming the
under the Crown of Castile The King of France highly offended at this Disappointment to revenge it sent a new Army into Biscay under the Command of the Admiral of France who took Fuenterabia a strong Town upon the Frontiers Several Rencounters happened betwixt our Forces and those of the Enemy but at length the Town was recovered Beatrix youngest Daughter to the King of Portugal contracted to Charles Duke of Savoy was carried to her Husband in a Fleet fitted out for that purpose The Publick Joy for this Marriage was not lasting for that the King of Portugal died in December His Body was buried in the Monastery of Bethlem built by himself near Lisbon and appointed the burial Place of Kings King John the Third of the Name his Son succeeded him On the 2d of December died at Rome Pope Leo whose Memory was Reverenced for that he had restored the Peace of Italy favoured Learning and much restored the University of Rome by bringing to it Professors of all Sciences from other Parts with great Expence Nevertheless he is blamed as having been given to his Pleasures more than became his high Dignity and for immoderately extolling his Kindred first his Brother Julian and after his Death Laurence his Nephew Son to Peter his other Brother To raise them he designed to deprive the Duke of Vrbin of his Dominions but the Death of both the Brother and the Nephew prevented the execution of his Designs Pope Leo was of the House of Medicis whose Genealogy â—s this which follows The Great Cosmo de Mediois who lived in Florence 100 Years before this had a Son called Peter and by him two Grandsons Laurence and Julian Laurence had three Sons Peter John the present Pope Leo and Julian Julian had a natural Son born after his Father's Death and called Julius who came to be Pope and was called Clement the Seventh Peter Brother to Pope Leo had a Son called Laurence the Younger who was General of his Unkle the Pope's Forces He by a Mistriss had Alexander afterwards Duke of Florence by his Wife Magdalen of Bolonia left Catharine who came to be Queen of France whereby the House of Medicis is related to many Royal Families The second Julian Brother to Pope Leo had a Son called Hypolito who was afterwards a Cardinal his Unkle Pope Clement giving him the Cap. Anno 1522. On the 10th of January Cardinal Adrian tho a Fleming and at that time absent was by the Conclave chosen Pope At that time he was employed in the Government of Spain The News of his promotion was brought to him at Vitoria where he then was to give Orders for carrying on the War against France and recovering of Fuenterabia Immediately he hasted away in order to pass over into Italy yet he came not to Rome till the Summer was well advanced His Papacy was short as not exceeding twenty Months but his Learning Wisdom and Virtue were very great He changed not his Name but was called Adrian the 6th By him St. Antony Archbishop of Florence and Benon Bishop of Misna were Canonised On the 3d of February the Royalists under the Conduct of the Archbishop of Bari overcame the Rebels who were possessed of the City Toledo and so those Tumults ended Charles the Emperor leaving his Brother Ferdinand in January with the Title of Vicar of the Empire set out for Spain to settle the Kingdom and put an end to the Troubles of it He arrived with his Fleet at Santaren on the 16th of July Christiern King of Denmark had married Elizabeth Sister to the new Emperor His Uncle Frederick usurped the Kingdom whereby he was obliged to retire into Flanders where he continued in Banishment the space of 10 Years which was as long as he lived He left two Daughters lawfully begotten which were Elizabeth and Christiern the first was married to Alonso Duke of Lorrain the other to Francis Sforcia Duke of Milan Anno 1523. Pope Adrian granted to the Emperor Charles and his Successors Kings of Spain the full Authority of electing and presenting the Bishops within their Dominions His Bull was passed on the 6th of September He also for ever granted them to hold the Administration of the three military Orders which other Popes had only granted for a time The Pope died at Rome on the 12th of the same Month oppressed with Care and Grief for that the Turks had the Year before possessed themselves of the Island of Rhodes after it had endured a Siege of Eight Months During the vacancy of the Papal Chair died at Rome Cardinal Bernardin de Carvajal who had been Bishop first of Astorga then of Badajoz of Carthagena of Siguença and lastly of Plansencia D. Gutierre de Carvajal Bishop of Plasencia was Nephew to the Cardinal who resigned that See up to him This Year also died F. James Deza Master to Prince John successively Bishop of Salamanca Jaen and Sevil Inquisitor General and Elect of Toledo On the 20th of December Cardinal Julius de Medicis Cousin-German to Pope Leo the Tenth was chosen Pope in the place of Adrian deceased and took the Name of Clement the Seventh He governed the Church ten Years 10 Months and 7 Days He confirmed the Order of the Theatins calling it the Congregation of Divine-Love It was instituted by Peter Garrafa Bishop of Theatinum and other pious Persons Their Habit differs not from that of the other Clergy their Life is retired free from worldly Business and employed in singing the Canonical Hours Anno 1524. The French who had entred the Dutchy of Milan and made themselves Masters of a great part of it were this Year almost enclosed by the Imperial Army under the Command of the Duke of Bourbon who took most of the Places from whence the Army was supplied and by that means brought them into great Distress for want of Provisions This obliged the Admiral of France General of those Forces to endeavour to make a retreat but the Imperialists were so close upon him that he was forced to fight his Army was wholly overthrown and only a small part of it returned home by the way of Turin This Victory encouraged the Duke of Bourbon and Marquis of Pescara to lay Siege to Marseilles where when they had lain six Weeks hearing that the French King was coming with a powerful Army they sent away their heavy Cannon by Sea and retired with great precipitation The King not to lose this Advantage hastned to pass the Mountains and soon possessed himself of the Cities of Milan and other Places and then laid Siege to Pavia Anno 1525. King John of Portugal married Charlotte Sister to Charles the Emperor The Nuptial Solemnities were performed with much Majesty at Estremoz on the 5th of February This Lady had many Children which were Alonso Mary Catharine Beatrix Emanuel Philip John and Antony Of all these only Prince John and the Princess Mary lived to be marriagable and even