Selected quad for the lemma: authority_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
authority_n	archbishop_n	king_n	pope_n	2,193	5	6.7497	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A64345	An account of Poland containing a geographical description of the country, the manners of the inhabitants, and the wars they have been engag'd in, the constitution of that government, particularly the manner of electing and crowning their king, his power and prerogatives : with a brief history of the Tartars / by Monsieur Hauteville ... ; to which is added, a chronology of the Polish kings, the abdication of King John Casimir, and the rise and progress of Socinianisme ; likewise a relation of the chief passages during the last interregnum ; and the election and coronation of the new King Frederic Augustus ; the whole comprehending whatsoever is curious and worthy of remark in the former and present state of Poland.; Relation historique de la Pologne. English	Tende, Gaspard de, 1618-1697.	1698 (1698)	Wing T678; ESTC R20715	178,491	319

is a Twisting of the Hair in such a manner that 't is impossible to unravel it These Twisted Locks cannot be compar'd to any thing more fitly than to those long and nasty Ropes of Hair upon some Spaniels The Polanders give this Account of the Original of this Distemper They say That the Tartars having made a Furious Irruption into Poland in the Year 1279 and having killed a great Number of People they Poyson'd their Hearts and threw 'em into the Waters which Infected those who drunk 'em with this Loathsome Disease the True Cause whereof is still a Secret to Physitians Strangers generally believe that the Plica is the effect of Slovenliness and not of any Distemper and they are confirm'd in this Opinion because they are never troubled with it even tho they live a long time in the Countrey for if their Hair begins to Twist when they fall Sick they cause it immediately to be Cut off which the Polanders dare not do for fear of losing their Sight which they imagin is an unavoidable consequence of Cutting off the Hair in this Distemper Yet I have known some whose Hair was actually Cut off without any dangerous Accident But the People are so perswaded that the Plica is a Distemper that there are some Old Women who pretend to bring it out upon Children that are troubled with Languishing Diseases by mixing and twisting their Hair and making their Mothers believe that the Children are only Sick because the Plica cannot break forth CHAP. XXIV Of the Religion of the Polanders THE Polanders Received the Faith of Christ in the Reign of Mieceslaus in the Year 964. and have ever since remain'd in Subjection to the See of Rome except some who in the last Age Embrac'd the Doctrins of Luther and Calvin At present the Polanders are generally Roman Catholicks except in Russia where there are still a considerable number of Persons who observe the Rites of the Greek Church and in Prussia where there are many Lutherans as at Dantzick Elbing Thorn and Mariemburg There were also some Socinian formerly but King John Casimir Expell'd 'em out of the Kingdom in 1658 and oblig'd 'em to sell their Estates in Three years In the Reign of Sigismund Augustus Nicholas Radziwill was the first who turned Calvinist and Protected those of that Perswasion in his House at Vilna where they Sung the Psalms Translated into the Vulgar Tongue But that Branch of the House of Radziwill is now wholly Extinct the last having left only one Daughter who was Marry'd to the Elector of Brandenburg's Second Son The Ecclesiasticks in General are very much Respected in Poland but the Monks or Regular Clergy are more esteemed than the rest and well entertain'd every where They Read Homilies in the Churches and carry the Sacrament privately to Sick Persons and even sometimes Bury the Dead without asking the Consent either of the Bishop or Curat The Mendicant Friars who go about Begging Alms enter boldly to the very Closets without Knocking at the Door The Monks in Poland are generally Rich but they are neither Regular nor Modest for they usually Drink in Cellars which are the Taverns of that Country and sometimes to that Excess that they are not able to walk in the Streets without fearing either to be Censur'd by their Superiors or to give any occasion of Scandal to the People The Fasts that are observ'd by the Monks and by all the Polanders in General consist only in Abstaining from Milk Eggs and boiled Fish at Night for they may eat dry'd Fish for their Collation and provided they Fast at that time they imagine that they may Eat and Drink all the Day long They Abstain from Butter Eggs and Milk on Friday and Saturday for they believe there is no difference betwixt Milk and Flesh As for the Secular Clergy there are some of them who have not only Two Canonships but Two Parsonages but there are none of them who take care to perform the Duties of their Function The Curates make the Monks Instruct their Parishioners and leave the other Duties of their Offices to be perform'd by Vicars The Canons are never present at the Offices and give a poor Scholar Two pence a day to say their hours for them in the Quire And the Bishops themselves are so careless of their Episcopal Functions that they dare not Correct the Inferior Clergy The Polanders seem very Devout and bestow considerable Gifts upon their Churches but they are neither Liberal to the Poor nor careful of their Sick Servants They Pray aloud in the Church and at the Elevation of the Sacrament at Mass they Beat themselves and knock their Heads against the Pavement or against the Bench on which they sit with so much Violence that on such occasions there is always a great Noise in the Church The Women commonly use their Prayer-Books with a Chaplet of Beads drawn thro' the middle of ' em In Winter all the Ladies of Quality and even some Men cause a Furr'd Bag to be brought to Church in which they put their Feet for the Weather is extreamly Cold especially for the Women who have Fine thin Shooes they wear also a little Furr'd Mantle upon their shoulders The Churches of Poland are very Fine and well-adorn'd The Jesuits of Leopold have a Chasuble cover'd so thick with Pearls and so heavy that they cannot use it when they say Mass 't is valu'd at above 100000 Livres They Sing somewhat in the Polish Tongue every where especially in the Parishes at High-Mass The Rosary is also daily repeated in the same Language in all the Churches of the Dominicans where the Women are seated on one side and the Men on the other the Men alone Singing the Ave Maria and the Women alone the Sancta Maria. There are Monks of all Orders in Poland except Carthusians and Minimes CHAP. XXV Of the Administration of Justice THERE are two sorts of Jurisdiction in Poland Ecclesiastical and Civil The former is in the hands of the Bishops who execute it by their Officials from whose Judgment there lies an Appeal to the Archbishop of Gnesna the Primate of the Kingdom And besides the Authority of the Pope's Nuncio is so great that he may Judge all Ecclesiastic Causes by Appeal The Civil Jurisdiction is in the hands of several sorts of Judges The Starosta's hold Courts within the Extents of their Territories and each City has a Right to give Judgment in certain Cases Every Palatin Marshal and Chancellor has his respective Jurisdiction The King the Senate and the General Diets determin Civil and Criminal Causes And besides the Nobility have Three Courts where they give Final Judgment in Causes without further Appeal There are Two of those Courts for the Kingdom and one for the Dutchy Those of the Kingdom Sit at Peotrkow in Lower and Lublin in Upper Poland and that of the Dutchy is held one Year at Viina and another at Minsk or at Nowogrodeck by turns They are compos'd

was not entirely united to the Kingdom till the year 1501 by Albert Duke of Lithuania who was chosen King of Poland This Dutchy contains eight Palatinates viz. Vilnae Troki Bressici Nowogrodeck Minsk Mseislaw Vitepsk and Polosk It is a hundred leagues long and a hundred and fifty broad and is bordered by Muscovy on the North and East by Russia and Volhinia on the South and by Samogitia Prussia and Podlachia on the West The chief Rivers of the great Dutchy are the Niemen and the Dzwina The Province of Russia which was united to Poland by King Casimir the Great anno 1341 is bordered by Lithuania on the North and by the Mountains of Hungary and Transilvania on the South It has Upper Volhinia and Upper Podolia on the East and Little Poland on the West It contains three Palatinates Leopold Chelm and Belch the principal River that runs thro' it is the Bugg Bokutia which is part of the Palatinate of Leopold is a small Country border'd on the North with the Niester and on the South with the Carpathian Mountains It was sold to Poland with the Towns of Sniatyn and Kolomey upon the River Prut by Alexander Palatin of Valachia for 500 Ounces of Silver The chief City of Pokutia is Halioz on the Niester whither Lewis King of Poland and Hungary transferred the Archbishoprick of Leopold anno 1375 with a design to joyn Russia Pod●lia and Pokutia to Hungary because of their sertility But the whole Polish Nobility took up Arms to oppose that Enterprise and made so much noise about it in the Diet that the Archbishoprick was restored to Leopold Prussia is bounded on the North with the Bal●●k Sea on the South with Great Poland and Mas●●● 〈◊〉 the East with Lithuania and on the West 〈…〉 The Kingdom of Poland was long 〈◊〉 with a cruel and bloody War about the ●●osession of this Province For when the Knights of the Teutonick Order were driven out of Syria by the Saracens they were received by Conrade Duke of Prussia and Brother to Lescus King of Poland who finding himself unable to defend his Country against the continual Incursions of the Idolatrous Prussians called in those Knights to his Assistance in the year 1228 promising them half of what they could Conquer in Prussia and in the mean time putting 'em in possession of the Province of Culm till they should be able to make themselves Masters of some part of the Country This was the fatal Spring of all the Differences which engag'd Poland in a War that was carryed on with so Obstinate a Fury For the Knights of the Teutonic Order grew at last so Formidable to their Neighbours and by successive Victories rais'd their Power to such a heighth that after they had subdued all Prussia they gave many Battels to the Polanders who could never utterly expel 'em tho they sometimes obtain'd considerable Victories over them as in the Battel which Jagillon fought against Grunwald and Tanneberg in the Year 1400. In the mean time the Teutonick Knights were so proud of their new Conquests that forgetting their Original and scorning the humble and samiliar Name of Brother with which their Religious Constitution oblig'd 'em to content themselves they began openly to claim the Title of Lords notwithstanding the pious Zeal of their great Master Vlric who endeavour'd to oppose so scandalous an Innovation And tho they were frequently beaten by the Polanders they ceased not to continue the War because they were assisted by the Emperors and by the Princes of the House of Austria 'T is certain that the Austrian Family cou'd never endure that the Polanders shou'd recover Prussia as it appears by the following Instance When Sigismund K. of Poland sent Ambassadors to the Dyet at Augsburg Anno 1530 to justifie his Pretensions to that Province the Difference was adjusted in favour of Poland but the Execution of it being left to the Emperor Charles V the Resolution of the Diet took no effect These Knights assum'd such an absolute and independent Authority that they would not submit even to the Decrees of the Popes for Locticus King of Poland having sent to Avignon to complain that these Military Friars had usurped one of his Provinces the Pope order'd 'em to restore it upon pain of Excommunication but they had so little Regard to his Menaces that they resus'd positively to quit their Possession Under the same Loct●us the Chancellor of Pomerania a factious man and a secret Enemy to his Soveraign plotted to deliver up that Province to the Marquess of Brandenburg but he was taken and put in Prison before he could execute his treacherous design Nevertheless the King pardon'd him at the Request of his Brothers However it seems the Affront he thought he had receiv'd made a stronger Impression upon him than the sparing of his Life for not long after he put several Towns of Pomerania into the hands of the Marquess of Brandenburg and among the rest the City of Dan●●c In the mean time one B●●●sia who was Governor of the Citadel of Da●tz●c for the King of Poland defended that place and acquainted his Master with the present Exigency of his Affairs but before the Polan●● could come up to his assistance he was oblig'd to call in the 〈◊〉 Knights allowing them half the Government of the Ciradel of Dartzie provided they would defend it entirely a whole Year at their own charge by which means the Citadel was not only preserved but the Town it self was retaken But the Polanders had no reason to boast of that Success for their pretended Friends were so far from contenting themselves with the promis'd Reward of their Service that they resolved to make themselves the sole Masters of the Citadel notwithstanding the repeated Remonstrances of Bogusta and the rest of the faithful Polanders And this open violation of a solemn Treaty was the occasion of a bloody War which created so implacable an Animosity betwixt the Polanders and their encroaching Neighbors that the least Pretence was sufficient to rekindle the Flame And afterwards when Casimir the Grandson of Locticus renew'd his Complaints against them and prevail'd with the Pope to excommunicate them if they would not restore that usurped Province they slighted both him and his Excommunication But at last by the Peace which was concluded betwixt Casimir and the Order it was agreed upon That the Great Master should be acknowledg'd as a Prince and Senator of the Republick under the Protection and Dominion of Poland Some time after the Province was divided into two Parts call'd the Royal and Ducal Prussia Albert of Brandenburg Great Master of the Teutonic Order having turn'd Lutheran and being married fix'd his Residence in this Province and Sigismund yielded up to him the Ducal Prussia on condition that he should remain a Vassal to Poland And by the Peace of Oliva made in the Year 1660 the Soveraignty of Ducal Prussia was finally yielded up to the Elector of Brend●●●ing Thus at present 't

IX Of the Senate in particular and first of the Bishops ALL the Bishops are Senators and Precede the Secular Members There are but 16 Bishopricks in the Kingdom 3 of which are Usurp'd by its Enemies viz. those of Smolensko and Kiovia by the Muscovites and that of Caminiec by the Turks Nevertheless the Dignities are still retain'd and when they become vacant there are always a considerable number of Competitors who solicit the King for those Titles that they may have a place in the Senate The Archbishop of Gnesna is Apostolical Legat by his Office the first of all the Bishops and Senators and Primate of the Kingdom These Privileges were annex'd to this See by the Council of Constance whither he who was then Archbishop was sent by King Vladislaus Jagellon to assert his Right to Prussia against the Teutonick Knights For that Prelate being inform'd that during his Absence the King had Married Elizabeth Daughter to the Palatine of Sandomir Anno 1416. and caused her to be Crown'd at Cracow by the Archbishop of Leopold and fearing lest he and his Successors shou'd be depriv'd of the Privilege of Crowning the King prevail'd with the Council to Declare and Ordain that the Archbishop of Gnesna should from thenceforth be Primate of the Kingdom And 't is for this reason that an Appeal may be brought before him not only from the rest of the Bishops but also from the Archbishop of Leopold Afterwards in the Year 1513. John Laski Archbishop of Gnesna being sent to Rome by King Sigismund to assist at the Council of Lateran obtained of Leo the Xth for himself and all his Successors the Quality of Legatus natus of the Holy Apostolick See The Authority of this Prelate is so great that 't is not lawful to draw a Sword or so much as to speak indecently in his presence Besides when the King acts contrary to the Laws the Archbis●●● may Assemble the Senate and the Nobility to oppose him and during an Interregnum he has Power to Coyn Money The Cross is carried before him when he goes to the King or to the Diet and when he sits on Almoner holds it behind his Chair And as a farther Mark of his Grandeur he hath a Senator and Castellan of the Kingdom for his Marshal who rides before his Coach bearing his Staff upright which he never bows but before the King and when the other Marshalls are absent he has the Privilege to carry the Staff upright before His Majesty and to March before Him to Church or to the Diet. When the Archbishop comes to the Foot of the Stairs of the King's Palace he stops there till the King send the Chamberlain of the Crown or some other of the Principal Officers of his Court to Salute him The Sub-Marshal attends him at the top of the Stairs and when he enters the Anti-Chamber the King comes out of his Chamber to meet him He never makes a Visit but to the Pope's Nuncio whom he only Visits once not even to the Ambassadours of Crown'd Heads who have visited him 'T is he who during the Interregnum is the Head and Regent of the Republick and who regulates the Sentiments of all the Noblemen who are Assembled by their Deputies in the Diet of the Election 'T is he who sends Circular Letters to all the Orders of the Republick to give them notice of the King's Death that they may hold their Petty Diets and to acquaint them with the time of the General Diet. And when any extraordinary Affair happens during the Interregnum some Noblemen and Senators are chosen to assist him with their Counsel in so difficult a Juncture The Polanders have lodg'd so great an Authority in the Person of this Prelate because they durst not entrust a Lay-man with it least his Ambition should prompt him to aspire to the Crown For 't is he who Proclaims the New King after he is Chosen which is so great and so considerable a Privilege that the Ambassadours of the Candidates look upon the Archbishop of Gnesna as the Person on whom the success of their Negotiation depends and leave no means unattempted to gain his Favour because the King cannot be duly Elected unless he be afterwards Proclaim'd To confirm this I shall relate what happen'd at the Election of the late King John the Third in the Year 1674. One Czartoreski of the Faction of Austria an Intimate Friend of Chancellour Putz and consequently a great Enemy to the French Faction and the Marshal Sobieski who was Chosen King was then Archbishop of Gnesna and in that Quality had the Power of Proclaiming the King He would never have been prevaild with to Proclaim the Great Marshal but dying Three days before the Election the right of Proclamation was devolv'd upon Trzebicki Bishop of Cracow who being a Friend to the Marshal Sobieski Proclaim'd him with Joy There are but 16 Bishopricks in Poland as I have already observ'd but they are generally of a vast extent and Endow'd with great Revenues which may be easily believ'd if we consider that that Kidgdom after all its Losses is still as large as France The First is the Archbishoprick of Gnesna in Lower Poland in the Palatinate of Kalisch about 9 Leagues from that City towards the North. This place which was once the Capital City of the Kingdom is now only a great Unwall'd Village without the conveniency of a River The Second is the Archbishoprick of Leopold which is the Metropolis of Black Russia and took its Name from Leo Duke of that Province who as he was Ravaging Poland with an Army of Tartars and Russians was entirely defeated by the Castellan of Cracow Ann. 1279 in the Reign of Lesko the Black This City is seated at the foot of the Mountains very meanly Fortify'd without a River and defended only by an inconsiderable Castle upon an Eminence 'T is famous for the many Sieges it has sustain'd having been once Besieg'd by the Cossacks and Tartars with a formidable Army at another time by the Muscovites and the Cossacks with an Army of 120000 Men for the space of Two Moneths and a half after which they were constrain'd to raise the Siege and in the last place by the Turks and Tartars in the Reign of King Mi●●●el This City is the Seat of 3 Bishops viz. a Latin Catholick Archbishop an Armenian Catholick Archbishop and a Russian Scismatical Greek Bishop The first Latin Archbishop was a Polish Gentleman called Christinus who was Consecrated by the Archbishop of Gnes●a in the presence of King Casimir who erected this See Anno 1361. I shall say nothing of the Archbishops since they differ not from other Catholicks only the Armenians have their particular Ornaments and Ceremonies and the Men are separated from the Women in the Church But I shall take this occasion to give a brief account of the peculiar Rites and Customs of the Russians Their Bishop is always an Unmarry'd Person because he is chosen among the Monks of